Ch. 6: Bone Physiology

Question 1

-clast

Answer 1

to break

Question 2

dia-

Answer 2

through

Question 3

meta-

Answer 3

after, beyond

Question 4

myelo-

Answer 4

marrow

Question 5

-physis

Answer 5

growing

Question 6

functions of bone (6)

Answer 6

support, protection, assistance in mvt, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production (hematopoiesis), triglyceride storage

Question 7

-blast

Answer 7

germ, to form, immature

Question 8

epi-

Answer 8

over

Question 9

epiphyses

Answer 9

DIST and PROX end of long bones

Question 10

metaphysis

Answer 10

point of union b/w the diaphysis and epiphysis, includes the epiphyseal plate

Question 11

diaphysis

Answer 11

shaft of bone

Question 12

articular cartilage

Answer 12

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis

Question 13

membrane around the outer surface of bone that is not covered by articular cartilage

Answer 13

periosteum

Question 14

layers of periosteum (2)

Answer 14

fibrous layer and osteogenic layer

Question 15

funcs. of periosteum (6)

Answer 15

-protects underlying bone
-essential for bone growth in thickness
-fracture repair
-supply nutrients to bone
-attachment point for ligaments and tendons
-attached to underlying bone matrix

Question 16

the periosteum is attached to the underlying bone matrix by ______ _____ of collagen

Answer 16

perforating fibers

Question 17

space inside the diaphysis

Answer 17

medullary cavity

Question 18

endosteum

Answer 18

lining of the medullary cavity

Question 19

cells types in bone tissue (4)

Answer 19

1. osteogenic cells
2. osteoblasts
3. osteocytes
4. osteoclasts

Question 20

feats of osteogenic cells

Answer 20

unspecialized cells from embryonic tissue, can undergo mitosis and become osteoblasts, found in inner portion of periosteum and in endosteum

Question 21

cells that form bone, cannot divide by mitosis, secrete matrix (collagen and minerals) around themselves

Answer 21

osteoblasts

Question 22

principal cells of bone tissue, maintain bone tissue via exchange of nutrients, gases and wastes, they are mature osteoblasts

Answer 22

osteocytes

Question 23

huge cells derived from ~50 monocytes, involved in bone reabsorption, important in bone development, growth, repair, maintenance, and release of calcium ions into blood to maintain blood calcium level balance

Answer 23

osteoclasts

Question 24

primary mineral salts of bone matrix (2)

Answer 24

hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate

Question 25

bone matrix framework is made of ______ _____ which provide ______ and ______ _____

Answer 25

collagen fibers, flexibility and tensile strength

Question 26

process of salts crystallizing b/w collagen fibers and hardening the tissue

Answer 26

calcification or mineralization

Question 27

percentage of distribution of compact and spongy bone

Answer 27

80% compact, 20% spongy

Question 28

blood vessels enter the bone from the ________

Answer 28

periosteum

Question 29

bone tissue is ______. Especially spongy bone, which contains ____ _____ ______ and has the greatest ________.

Answer 29

vascular, red bone marrow, vascularity

Question 30

artery associated with the diaphysis

Answer 30

nutrient artery

Question 31

the nutrient artery enters the bone through the _______ _____

Answer 31

nutrient foramen

Question 32

what is the periosteum especially rich in

Answer 32

sensory nerves

Question 33

bone formation

Answer 33

ossification

Question 34

2 types of ossification

Answer 34

-intramembranous ossification -endochondral ossification

Question 35

type of ossification in which bone replaces a cartilaginous template and occurs with most bones but especially long bones in children

Answer 35

endochondral ossification

Question 36

type of ossification in which bone is laid down b/w sheets of loose fibrous connective tissue and occurs with flat bones

Answer 36

intramembranous ossification

Question 37

2 types of bone growth

Answer 37

growth in length (interstitial growth) and growth in width (appositional growth)

Question 38

interstitial growth occurs by which type of bone formation

Answer 38

endochondral ossification

Question 39

how does interstitial growth occur

Answer 39

chondrocytes at the epiphyseal growth plate divide mitotically and eventually undergo endochondral ossification which adds length to bone

Question 40

appositional growth occurs how

Answer 40

bone grows in thickness by laying down new osteons beneath the periosteum

Question 41

hormones that help with bone growth

Answer 41

growth hormone, estrogen, testosterone

Question 42

bone is constantly undergoing bone _________ which consists of bone _______ and bone ______

Answer 42

remodeling, resorption, deposition

Question 43

3 factors that influence bone growth, remodeling and repair

Answer 43

minerals vitamins hormones

Question 44

which 2 vitamins are most important for bone growth and remodeling and what do they do

Answer 44

vit. C: promotes collagen synth. vit. D: increases absorption of calcium from interstines into blood and decreases loss of calcium in urine

Question 45

vitamin D and C deficiency disorders

Answer 45

D: rickets (children) and osteomalacia (adults) results in soft bones C: scurvy results in loose teeth and retardation of growth

Question 46

2 minerals that influence bone growth and remodeling

Answer 46

hydroxyapatite and magnesium

Question 47

4 hormones that influence bone growth and remodeling

Answer 47

-parathyroid hormone (PTH) -sex hormones (2) -calcitonin (CT)

Question 48

2 things that parathyroid hormone (PTH) does

Answer 48

increases blood calcium levels and promotes bone reabsorption by increasing the number and activity of osteoclasts

Question 49

the sex hormones promote the _______ of ____ bone by stimulating osteoblast activity

Answer 49

deposition, new

Question 50

2 things that calcitonin (CT) does regarding the bone growth

Answer 50

decreases blood calcium levels and promotes bone formation by increasing the activity of osteoblasts and inhibiting activity of osteoclasts

Question 51

disorders of bone physiology and CIs (6)

Answer 51

-fractures -osteoporosis--> Dowager's hump -osteoarthritis -osteomyelitis -rickets and osteomalacia -osteogenesis imperfecta