ch. 8 cns Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
The central nervous system includes the ____ & ____.
A
- Brain
2. Spinal chord
2
Q
what are neurons
A
nerve cells
3
Q
What is neuroglia
A
Interstitual tissue
4
Q
The CNS is compose of
- ____
- ____
A
neurons (nerve cells)
2. Neuroglia ( Interstitual tissue)
5
Q
what are the 3 basic components of a neuron
A
- Cell body (soma)
- Dendrites
- Axons
6
Q
what makes up the brain
A
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Diencephalon
- Brianstem ( midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
7
Q
the brainstem connects the ____ with the spinal chord
A
cerebrum
8
Q
_____ is an extension of the medulla oblongata
A
spinal chord
9
Q
Describe the spinal chord
A
extension of medulla oblongata.
Extends from the foramen magnum to the 2nd / 3rd Lumbar vertebrae
Terminates with a cone shaped area called the conus medullaris
10
Q
Spinal chord and terminates with a cone-shaped area called the ____.
A
conus medullaris
11
Q
what is the conus medullaris
A
cone shape area in which the spinal chord terminates in
12
Q
Spinal nerves beyond the point of conus medullaris is known as ____
A
cauda equina
13
Q
What is cauda equina
A
Spinal nerves beyond the point of conus medullaris
14
Q
The brain and the spinal chrod are covered by the ____
A
meninges
15
Q
What are the 3 layers of the meninges
A
- Dura matter (outtermost layer)
- Arachnoid ( middle layer)
- Pia matter (innermost layer)
16
Q
____ layer of the meminges is the outer most, tough and fibrous
A
dura matter
17
Q
____ is the middle layer of the meninges and has cobweb appearance
A
arachnoid layer
18
Q
___ is innermost layer of the meninges that adheres directly to the spinal chord and the brain
A
Pia matter
19
Q
____ is located between the arachnoid and the pia matter
Function___
A
subarachnoid layer
Filled with CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
20
Q
Cavities that are connected to one another in the brain are known as ____
A
ventricles
21
Q
what are ventricles
A
Cavities that are connected to one another in the brain
22
Q
what secretes CSF into the subarachnoid space
A
choroid plexus (housed in the ventricles )
23
Q
What are the s4 ventricles of the the brain
A
- Lateral ventricles
- 3rd ventricle
- 4th ventricle
24
Q
Most of the brain’s blood is supplied anterioly via ___
and posterior via ___
A
Bilateral internal carotid arteries ( ant.)
bilateral vertebral arteries ( post. )
25
what is the circle of willis
Formed by Basilar artery and internal carotid arteries
*distributes oxygenated aterial blood through the brain
26
venous blood drains into the ____
jugular veins
27
what is a blood brain barrier
function of capillaries that protects the brain by removing waste and keeping toxins out
28
What is the primary tissue comprising the nervous system
neurons
29
are intervertebral disk apart of CNS
no but they may come in contact with it when they herniate and impinge on adjacent spinal nerves
30
Describe intervertebral disk
Function:____
Made of____
1. Cushion movement of vertebral column
```
2. annulus fibrosus ( outer)
Nucleus pulposus ( center)
```
31
the pulpy center of a intervertebral disk is called _____
nucleus pulposus
32
Tough outer covering of an intervertebral disk is kown as ___
Annulus fibrosus
33
What is the modality of choice for conditions related to CNS
MRI
34
____ is useful in evaluating the brains of neonates
sonography
35
____ evaluates cranial trauma
radiography
36
______ useful in evaluating cerebral bleeding after trauma
CT
37
___ are primarily used to confirm brain death in patients
radionuclide brain scans
38
Vascular brain and neck study
cerebral angiography
39
What is meningomyelocele
Def:____
Classification:___
Pathology:____
Both spinal chord and meninges protrude into the skin on the back
Congenital
None
40
What is meningocele
Def:
Classification:
Patholgoy:
Protrussion of only the meninges through the spinal column
Congenital
none
41
Protrussion of only the meninges
| Through the spinal column
meningocele
congential
none
42
Both spinal chord and meninges protrude into the skin on the back
meningomyelocele
aka spina bifida
*most serious
congenital
none
43
Protrussion of only the spinal chord
Classification
pathology
myeolcele
congenital
none
44
what is myelocele
Def:
Classificaiton
pathology
Protrussion of only the spinal chord
congenital
none
45
Which is most serious
1. Meningomyelocele
2. Meningocele
3. Myelocele
1. Meningomyelocele
46
Incomplete closure of the bony neural arch in the lumbar region
spina bifida
47
excessive CSF accumalation in the ventricles of the brain
hyrdrocephalus
48
What is hydrocephalus
```
Def:
Causes
Classification :
Pathology :
Exam to diagnose
```
Excessive CSF accumulation in the ventricles of the brain
* 2 causes:
* **1. Noncomunication = obstruction to flow
* **2. Communicating= impaired absorption
Congenital
None
CT
49
Name two ways that hydrocephalus can occur
1. Noncommunicating= obstruction to flow
| 2. Communicating= imparied absorption
50
artificial passageway used for hydrocephalus treatment
Shunt
51
Inflammation of the meninges
Meningitis
52
# Define meningitis
Classification:
Pathology
Exam to diagnose
inflammation of the meninges
Inflammatory
none
Spinal tap
53
What is the most common cause of meningitis
bacterial infection
54
Infection of brain tissue that can occur from chickenpox or influenza
Encephalitis
| usually viral
55
What is encephalitis
| Exam to diagnose
infection of brain tissue that can occur from chichenpox and influenza
*Usually viral
MRI
56
Pus within the cranium that occurs from a cranium infection
Classification
Pathology
Exam to diagnose
Brain abscess
Inflammatory
None
MRI
57
Which condition is more serious Encephalitis or meningitis
why
Encephalitis because it can result in permanent neurologic disabilities
58
Pus from abscess within the meningeal layers is termed ____
subdural empyema
59
Protrusion of nucleus pulposus through a weakened part of intervertebral disk that compresses spinal nerve roots
herniated nucleus pulposus
aka: herniated disk
60
What is herniated nucleus pulposus
Classificaiton
pathology
Exam to diagnose
Protrusion of nucleus pulposus through the a weakened part of the disk that compresses the spinal nerve roots
Degenerative
none
MRI
61
where are most common locations for disk herniation
lower cervical (C6-C7) and lower lumbar regions (L5-S1)
62
osteoarthritic changes in the neck are known as
exam
cervical spondylosis
Seen on oblique projection of cervical spine
X-ray
63
Cervical spondylosis are seen on ____ projection of C-spine
oblique
64
nervous system Disease degernates the myelin sheath and white matter impairing nerve conduction
Classification
Pathology
Exam to diagnose
Multiple sclerosis
Degenerative
None
MRI
65
Define Multiple sclerosis
Disease of the nervous system that degenerates the myelin sheath and white matter impairing nerve conduction
66
Cerebral Vascular Accident is commonly referred to as a _____
Classification
pathology
stroke
Classified in 2 ways:
Ischemic( blood vessel blocked by blood clot)
Hemmorrhagic = rupture of weakened blood vessel in the brain that leads to bleeding into other structures
Degenerative
None
67
Which type of stroke has a more sudden onset
hemorragic
| = rupture of weakened blood vessel in the brain which causes bleeding into other structures
68
why are ischemic strokes dangerous
because it causes block to blood flow and cause vessel occlusion
69
Name the 2 ways an ischemic stroke can occur
1. Infarction= Cerebral artery blood clot
| 2. Embolism to the brain caused by a blood clot formed elsewhere in the body
70
blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel
thrombus
71
mass in a blood vessel
embolism
72
Term for small vessel disease
lacunar infarction (type of thrombosis)
73
What is TIA
Transient Ischemic attack
Temporary episode of neurologic dysfunction
74
Temporary episode of neurologic dysfunction
TIA
| transient ischemic attack
75
What causes a hemorrhagic stoke
weakening in the vessel wall due to ateriosclerosis from hypertension
76
Name the 2 types of hemorragic stroke
1. subarachnoid area ( most common)
| 2. Intracerebral
77
When diagnosing brain tumors primary vs metastatic, need to first consider what two factos
1. Site of neoplasm
| 2. age of patient
78
Classification of primary brain tumors depends on which 2 factors?
1. Site
| 2. Histologic composition
79
Two categories of brain tumors based on histologic type are __ & ____.
Glial and nonglial neoplasms
80
___ generate from the supporting tissues of the brain and spinal cord.
glial tumors
81
What is a glioma
Classification
pathology
most common type of brain tumor
Neoplastic
None
82
what is the most common type of brain tumor
glioma
neoplastic
none
83
BRAIN Tumors that are highly malignant and occur in young people
Classification:
Pathology
medulloblastoma
neoplastic
none
84
benign tumor that is slow growing and arises from the acrachnoid tissue
classification
pathology
meningioma
neoplastic
none
85
what is a meningioma
classification
pathology
exam
benign tumor of the membranes that cover the spinal cord and brain.
*slow growing and arises from the acrachnoid tissue
neoplastic
none
CT
86
what is the most common nonglial tumor
meningioma
87
skull thickness surrounding a tumor indicates which tumor
meningioma
88
benign tumor of pituitary gland
Classification
Pathology
Exam
pituitary adenoma
Neoplastic
None
CT
89
# define pituitary adenoma
Classification
| pathology
benign tumor of the pituitary gland
neoplastic
none
90
radiographic appearance in which there is an enlargment and erosion of the selle turcica is ____
pituitary adenoma
91
pituitary adenomas may grow out of the ____
selle turcica
92
If a pituitary adenoma develops before puberty it can result in_____
gigantism
93
if a pituitary adenoma develops in adults it results in _____
acromegaly
94
anatomic landmark composed of the middle cerebral artery and its branches
sylvian triangle
95
define sylvian triangle
anatomic landmark composed of the middle cerebral artery and its branches.
96
generative brain disorder in which proteins fold upon each other and start to deteriorate the brain
creutzfeldt-jacob disease
