CH. 1 Intro. into pathology

Question 1

Define pathology

Answer 1

the study of structural and functional manifestations of disease

Question 2

______ is the study of structural and functional manifestations of disease

Answer 2

Pathology

Question 3

Why is pathology important in radiography

Answer 3

It is important to know different pathology to know when to increase or decrease exposure techniques to produce high quality radiographs

Question 4

Define disease

Answer 4

Any abnormal disturbance of the normal function or structure of human body that may display a variety of manifestations.

Question 5

____ is defined as Any abnormal disturbance of the normal function or structure of human body that may display a variety of manifestations.

Answer 5

Disease

Question 6

Define pathogenesis

Answer 6

Development of disease

Question 7

_____ is the term for the development of disease

Answer 7

pathogenesis

Question 8

Define symptom

Answer 8

patient’s perception of the disease

*Subjective

Question 9

___ is the term for the patient’s perception of the disease

Answer 9

Symptom

subjective

Question 10

Define sign

Answer 10

objective manifestation of disease that is detected by the physician during an examination

Question 11

_____ is the term for objective manifestation of disease that is detected by the physician during an

Answer 11

sign

Question 12

Give an example of symptom vs sign

Answer 12

Symptom= Nausea

Sign= Vomiting

Question 13

Define syndrome

Answer 13

A group of signs and symptoms : A group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a specific abnormal disturbance

Question 14

A group of signs and symptoms : A group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a specific abnormal disturbance

Answer 14

Syndrome

Question 15

Define etiology

Answer 15

the study of the cause and origin of disease

Question 16

Define nonsocomial

Answer 16

Disease acquired from a health care enviornment

Question 17

_____ is the cause and origin of disease

Answer 17

etiology

Question 18

define latrogenic

Answer 18

any adverse condition in a patient occurring as a result of medical treatment

Question 19

Define idiopathic

Answer 19

term for a disease that has no causative factor

Question 20

Define acute

Answer 20

quick onset and lasting a short period of time with a severe course

Question 21

Define chronic

Answer 21

presenting slowly and persisting over a ling period of time

Question 22

Define diagnosis

Answer 22

the name of a disease and individual is believed to have

Question 23

What is a prognosis

Answer 23

the prediction of course and outcome for a given disease

Question 24

the prediction of course and outcome for a given disease

Answer 24

prognosis

Question 25

____ tissue requires a decrease in exposure techniques

Answer 25

Subtractive/ lytic / destructive

Question 26

____ tissue requires an increase in exposure techniques

Answer 26

Additive / sclerotic (hardening)

Question 27

Define epidemiology

Answer 27

The investigation of disease in large groups

Question 28

investigation of disease in large groups

Answer 28

epidemiology

Question 29

Define mortality rate

Answer 29

the number of deaths from a particular disease averaged over a population

Question 30

The incidence of illness in the population sufficient to interfere with an individual's normal daily routine

Answer 30

morbidity rate

Question 31

Name 3 disease tracking organizations

Answer 31

1. CDPH 2. NCHS ( national center for health statistics) 3. CDC

Question 32

Name the 5 altered cellular biology states

Answer 32

1. Atrophy - decrease in cell size 2. Hypertrophy - Increase in cell size 3. Hyperplasia - Increase in the number of cells in a tissue 4. Metaplasia - Conversion of a cell type 5. Dysplasia - Abnormal tissue development in mature cells

Question 33

How are disease classified?

Answer 33

1. Congenital and hereditary 2. Inflammatory 3. Degenerative 4. Metabolic 5. Traumatic 6. Neoplastic

Question 34

Describe congenital disease classification * What is it? * What is it caused by?

Answer 34

disease present a birth that can result from genetic or environment factors * In utero * Caused by abnormalities of the chromosomes

Question 35

Describe hereditary disease classification

Answer 35

caused by developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent to the child through genes in chromosomes

Question 36

What is the difference between congenital and hereditary

Answer 36

Congenital differs from hereditary in the fact that it occurs in the utero and it is not passed down from parent to child through genes in chromosomes as it is with hereditary

Question 37

how many chromosomes are there

Answer 37

46 chromosomes - 44 autosomal - 2 sex chromosomes

Question 38

Describe the inflammatory disease classification * What are the primary causes

Answer 38

disease that results from the body's reaction to a localized injurious agent Causes: * Allergic disease * Toxic diseases * Invasion by microorganisms * Autoimmune disorders

Question 39

Disease in which the body forms antibodies that injure patient's own tissue

Answer 39

autoimmune disorder

Question 40

List the 4 stages of inflammation

Answer 40

1. Alterations of blood flow and vascular permeability 2. Migration of WBC to injured tissue 3. Phagocytosis - WBC digest infecting organism 4. Repair of injury - Regeneration of normal cells

Question 41

What is the difference between chronic vs acute inflammation

Answer 41

chronic: longer duration of inflammation periods Acute: heat , redness of skin and pain

Question 42

Disease caused by a deterioration of the body list 2 examples:

Answer 42

Degenerative disease ex: 1. Atherosclerosis 2. Osteroporosis 3. Osteoarthritis

Question 43

What disease classification can be both process of age and disease that occurs following trauma

Answer 43

Degenerative disease

Question 44

List 3 factors that affect the rate of aging in the degenerative disease

Answer 44

1. Herediary 2. Diet 3. Enviornmental factors

Question 45

Disease caused by the disturbance of the normal physiologic function of the body List 2 examples:

Answer 45

Metabolic disease Ex: 1. Endocrine disorders 2. dehydration

Question 46

The sum of all physical and chemical process in the body

Answer 46

metabolism

Question 47

Why is metabolism important

Answer 47

to maintain homeostasis

Question 48

Disease that may result from mechanical forces such as crushing or twisting of a body part or from the effects of ionizing radiation on the body

Answer 48

Traumatic disease

Question 49

Define neoplastic

Answer 49

new abnormal tissue growth

Question 50

study of neoplasms

Answer 50

oncology

Question 51

All tumors have 2 basic components. What are they?

Answer 51

1. Organ tissue is made up of proliferating neoplastic cells | 2. Supporting tissue is made up of connective tissue, blood vessels and poss. lymphatic cells

Question 52

What is the purpose of cancer grading

Answer 52

used to assess biologic behavior and choice of treatment

Question 53

What is the difference between differentiated and undifferentiated (poorly differentiated) tumors

Answer 53

Differentiated tumors: * Tend to grow slow * Resemble cells of origin Poorly differentiated or undifferentiated: * Rapid growth * Exhibits atypical characteristics and does not resemble cells of origin

Question 54

What is the TNM system

Answer 54

staging of cancer T-Tumor N-Node (lymph node involvement) M-Metastases

Question 55

The addition of numbers to the TNM system indicated : ____

Answer 55

the extent of malignancy and increase in size or involvement of tumor

Question 56

List the cells of origin for the common word 1. Adeno- 2. Angio- 3. Chondro- 4. Fibro- 5. Hemangio- 6. Lipo- 7. Myo- 8. Neuro- 9. Osteo-

Answer 56

Cells of origin 1. Gland 2. Vascular 3. Cartilage 4. Fibrous tissue 5. blood vessels 6. adipose tissue 7. Muscle 8. Nerve 9. Bone

Question 57

____ neoplasms closely resemble their cells of origin in structure and function

Answer 57

benign neoplasms * remain localized * can be surgically removed

Question 58

Benign tumors consists of what cells

Answer 58

differentiated

Question 59

____ neoplasms invade and destroy adjacent structures

Answer 59

Malignant * they metastasize * Poorly undifferentiated so it may be impossible to determine the origin

Question 60

_____ is the latin word for cancer

Answer 60

crab

Question 61

Carcinomas originate from ____

Answer 61

Epithelial cells

Question 62

____ are malignancies from glandular tissue

Answer 62

Adenocarcinoma | breast, liver and cells lining GI tract

Question 63

____ are tumors of the connective tissue

Answer 63

squamous cell carcinoma Ex: lungs, head and neck regions

Question 64

malignant neoplasms that can occur in the bone , muscle or cartilage is known as

Answer 64

sarcomas - connective tissue

Question 65

List the 4 ways that metastatic spread may occur

Answer 65

1. Seeding 2. Lymphatic spread 3. Invasion 4. Hematogenous

Question 66

Metastatic spread that travels to a distant site and organs

Answer 66

seeding

Question 67

Metastatic spread that spreads through the lymphatic system

Answer 67

Lymphatic spread

Question 68

Metastatic spread that spreads to other areas in close proximity

Answer 68

Invasion

Question 69

Metastatic spread that spreads through the circulatory system

Answer 69

Hematogenous spread

Question 70

What is a carcinogens

Answer 70

1. chemicals that alter DNA ex: * cigarette smoke * Air and water pollution 2. Sun or radiation 3. Viruses that alter genetic material