Ch 9 Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
What are presentation aids?
A
Presentation aids are the resources beyond the speech words and delivery that a speaker uses to enhance the message conveyed to the audience.
2
Q
How many senses do audience members experience a speech through?
A
Audience members experience a speech through all five senses: hearing, vision, smell, taste, and touch.
3
Q
What is the role of presentation aids in a speech?
A
The role of presentation aids is to greatly enrich the speaking event by appealing to the senses beyond just hearing.
4
Q
What are some examples of visual aids that speakers typically make use of?
A
Pictures, diagrams, charts and graphs, maps, and the like.
5
Q
What are some examples of audible aids that speakers may use?
A
Musical excerpts, audio speech excerpts, and sound effects
6
Q
What are examples of olfactory aids that a speaker may use?
A
Fragrance samples.
7
Q
What are examples of gustatory aids that a speaker may use?
A
Food samples.
8
Q
What is the common goal of all presentation aids used by speakers?
A
Musical excerpts, audio speech excerpts, and sound effects
9
Q
When should presentation aids be used in a speech?
A
At the time when you are presenting the specific ideas related to the aid.
10
Q
Define Olfactory.
A
Of or relating to the sense of smell.
11
Q
What does Gustatory mean?
A
Of or relating to the sense of taste.
12
Q
Why should you use presentation aids?
A
To be effective and help the audience see and understand the content better.
13
Q
What can presentation aids do for a speech?
A
They can serve to improve audience understanding, enhance memory and retention, add variety and interest, and enhance speaker credibility.
14
Q
Why do misunderstandings occur in human communication?
A
Misunderstandings occur due to the complexity of human communication, leading to perception and interpretation issues.
15
Q
What is one of the basic goals of a speaker?
A
To help the audience understand the message.
16
Q
Why is clarification important in a speech?
A
Clarification is important in a speech because unclear information can leave listeners puzzled or misled.
17
Q
How can presentation aids help clarify a message?
A
Presentation aids can help clarify a message, especially if the information is complex or if the point being made is visual.
18
Q
How does the diagram help the audience process information?
A
The diagram allows the audience to process information through both verbal explanation and visual elements.
19
Q
How can showing an example of a petroglyph help the audience?
A
Showing an example of a petroglyph can more easily help the audience form a clear mental image of the intended meaning.
20
Q
What is the purpose of using a presentational aid for emphasis? Give an example.
A
The purpose is to impress listeners with the importance of an idea. Example: Using a drawing like ‘Planetary Water Supply’ to show the scarcity of useful water.
21
Q
According to research by the U.S. Department of Labor (1996), what percentage of human learning occurs visually?
A
83%
22
Q
How can exposure to an image serve as a memory aid to listeners?
A
By increasing the audience’s chances of remembering the speech
23
Q
How can graphic images help in delivering information effectively?
A
Graphic images can help deliver information effectively when listeners understand them clearly, making it more likely for the audience to remember the message long after the speech is over.
24
Q
Why is presenting information in sequential steps beneficial?
A
Presenting information in sequential steps makes it easier for people to remember compared to an unorganized pattern.
25
How can presentation aids help in displaying the organization of a speech?
Presentation aids, such as PowerPoint slides, can help listeners observe, follow, and remember the sequence of information conveyed in a speech.
26
What is the benefit of displaying a lecture outline for students to follow?
Displaying a lecture outline helps students follow the organization of the speech and remember the main points presented.
27
What are some characteristics that presentation aids must have?
Clear, clean, uncluttered, organized, and large enough for the audience to see and interpret correctly
28
What can damage your credibility as a speaker?
Misspellings and poorly designed presentation aids
29
What should you do when using presentation aids from other sources?
Give proper credit to the source
30
What type of digital aids are commonly used for presentations?
PowerPoint slides
31
Where should the source of a chart or data shown in a chart form be cited?
At the bottom of the slide
32
How can using quality visual aids help the audience perceive the speaker?
As knowledgeable, competent, and credible
33
What principle should you keep in mind when using presentation aids?
Use only as many presentation aids as necessary to present your message or fulfill your assignment, without overshadowing your speech.
34
What is an important consideration when using technology for presentation aids?
Keep your presentation aids within the limits of the working technology available to you.
35
Why is it important to go to the classroom ahead of time?
To test the equipment and ascertain the condition of items you plan to use for your presentation.
36
What should you do to ensure your computer-based presentation aids work as intended?
Test the computer setup, have slides on a flash drive, send them as an attachment or upload to a Cloud service, and have an alternative plan prepared.
37
What should be avoided when creating presentation aids?
Overly elaborate designs; instead, simplify as much as possible.
38
Do presentation aids speak for themselves?
No, the speaker should explain and point out important features.
39
How should a speaker handle video clips as presentation aids?
Point out characteristics that support the point being made, preferably before playing the video.
40
How does simplicity play a role in creating visual aids?
By limiting the categories of information on the visual aid, similar to organizing a speech with 3-5 main points instead of 20.
41
What are the most common types of visual aids?
Charts, graphs, representations, objects/models, and people.
42
How is a chart commonly defined?
A chart is commonly defined as a graphical representation of data (often numerical) or a sketch representing an ordered process.
43
Why is it important for charts to match the specific purpose in a speech?
It is important for charts to exactly match the specific purpose in a speech to effectively convey the intended information.
44
What are the three common types of charts?
Statistical charts, sequence-of-steps chart, and decision trees.
45
When should you avoid using statistical information according to the text?
If you are unsure about the data yourself.
46
When would the chart be appropriate to use?
The chart would be appropriate when presenting to an upper level or graduate class in health sciences or to professionals in health occupations.
47
What is important to consider when using visual aids in public speaking?
It is important to know your audience when using visual aids in public speaking.
48
When are sequence-of-steps charts useful?
Sequence-of-steps charts are useful when trying to explain a process that involves several steps.
49
How can data be represented in a chart?
Data can be represented graphically in a chart, often using numerical values.
50
What is the purpose of decision trees in presentations?
Decision trees are useful for showing the relationships between ideas.
51
What is a graph?
A graph is a pictorial representation of the relationships of quantitative data using dots, lines, bars, pie slices, and the like.
52
How do graphs differ from statistical charts?
Graphs show how one factor varies in comparison to other items, while statistical charts report specific data points such as mean ages or amounts sold.
53
What is the purpose of using bars or lines in a graph?
Bars or lines in a graph are used to show the breakdown of data by different categories or factors, such as operating systems like Windows, Macintosh, and Linux.
54
Why is it important for public speakers to avoid cluttered graphs?
Cluttered graphs make it difficult to comprehend the information and distract from the purpose of the speech.
55
What are the common types of graphs analyzed in the text?
Line graphs, bar graphs, pie graphs, and pictographs.
56
What is a line graph designed to show?
Trends over time.
57
Why is a line graph more effective in showing the relationship of numbers than a chart or reading the numbers aloud?
It clearly depicts trends over time and overall patterns.
58
Give an example of data that can be represented using a bar graph.
Population demographics, fuel costs, math ability in different grades, etc.
59
What is the purpose of a bar graph?
A bar graph is designed to show the differences between quantities.
60
What is the purpose of a pie graph?
Pie graphs are designed to show proportional relationships within sets of data, specifically parts of or percentages of a whole.
61
Why should pie graphs be simplified?
Pie graphs should be simplified to ensure clarity and understanding without eliminating important information.
62
How should the sections of a pie graph be plotted?
The sections of a pie graph need to be plotted proportionally to accurately represent the data.
63
When is color-coding useful in a pie graph?
Color-coding is useful in a pie graph when it's difficult to fit explanations in the actual sections of the graph. In such cases, a legend or key should be included to indicate the meaning of colors.
64
What is a pictograph?
A graph using iconic symbols to dramatize differences in amounts.
65
How do pictographs differ from bar graphs?
Pictographs use numbers and/or sizes of iconic symbols to dramatize differences in amounts, while bar graphs use bars to represent data.
66
What limitation do pictographs have in depicting specific statistical data?
Pictographs do not allow for the depiction of specific statistical data.
67
Why is it important to have a good understanding of statistics when creating or using graphs?
To be both ethical and effective, you need a good understanding of what statistics mean.
68
What are diagrams and what do they outline?
Diagrams are drawings or sketches that outline and explain the parts of an object, process, or phenomenon that cannot be readily seen.
69
How are diagrams similar to charts?
Like graphs, diagrams can be considered a type of chart, as in the case of organizational charts and process-flow charts.
70
What should you do when using a diagram?
Explain each part of the phenomenon, paying special attention to complicated or prone to misunderstanding elements.
71
What are some examples of maps?
Population, weather, ocean current, political, and economic maps.
72
What is the major warning when using audio and video clips during a speech?
Remembering that they are aids to the speech, not the speech itself.
73
What should you avoid when choosing video and audio clips for your speech?
Avoid choosing clips that are too long for the overall length of the speech.
74
Why is it important to practice with audio or video equipment before speaking?
To avoid looking foolish trying to figure out how it works, which can take the audience out of your speech and have a negative impact on your credibility.
75
What should you ensure before beginning your speech with a video or audio clip?
Cue the clip to the appropriate place prior to beginning your speech to avoid wasting valuable speech time trying to find it during the presentation.
76
What information should be provided to the audience before playing a video or audio clip?
Context about what the clip is and why it relates to the speech.
77
Give an example of an object that can be used during a speech.
An example of an object could be holding up a plastic water bottle and a stainless steel water bottle when talking about the importance of not using plastic water bottles.
78
What are models in the context of presentations?
Models are re-creations of physical objects that are used when the actual object is not readily available during a speech.
79
How can models be used in a speech about heart murmurs?
In a speech about heart murmurs, a model of the human heart can be used to demonstrate how heart murmurs work.
80
What are some potential consequences of bringing an animal to a speech?
Agitated behavior, negative impact on audience attention, and potential allergies or fears among audience members.
81
What alternative options are suggested before using an animal as a presentation aid?
Using a picture, model, diagram, or other representation of the animal in question.
82
When might you want to ask someone else to serve as your presentation aid?
In some cases, such as for a demonstration speech.
83
What should you do ahead of time when asking someone to be your presentation aid?
Arrange for them to be an effective aid and do not assume an audience member will volunteer on the spot.
84
What should you ensure about your volunteer's appearance and behavior?
That they arrive dressed presentably and do not draw attention away from your message.
85
What are some examples of slide presentation software mentioned in the text?
Prezi, Slide Rocket, Google Slides, Keynote, Impress, PrezentIt, AdobeAcrobat Presenter, ThinkFree
86
What does the word 'robust' mean in the context of the text?
It means having a large number of functions and features, some helpful and some distracting.
87
Why are many of the fonts not appropriate for presentations?
Because they are hard to read.
88
What are some advantages of using presentation slides in public speaking?
They allow visualization of concepts, are easily portable, can be embedded with videos and audio, and words can dance around the screen.
89
According to Franck Frommer, what is a criticism of PowerPoint and similar presentation software?
He criticizes the 'linearity' of PowerPoint, meaning that audiences are not encouraged to see the relationship of ideas and that PowerPoint hurts critical thinking.
90
What did critics like Edward Tufte argue about PowerPoint?
Critics like Edward Tufte argued that PowerPoint's tendency to force users to put a certain number of bullet points on each slide in a certain format was a serious threat to the accurate presentation of data.
91
According to Tufte, how does PowerPoint affect the logical connections of ideas in a presentation?
Tufte believes that PowerPoint's rigid slide-by-slide hierarchies, indifferent to content, slice and dice the evidence into arbitrary compartments, producing an anti-narrative with choppy continuity, which hurts critical thinking in the audience.
92
How does Prezi address a major criticism of PowerPoint?
Prezi allows users to show the relationship and hierarchy of ideas better by presenting slides in a mind map format on a large canvas with grid lines.
93
What can be seen and designed in Prezi to represent the hierarchy of ideas?
In Prezi, 'Big Ideas' can be represented in big circles while subordinate ideas can be shown in smaller ones.
94
What is a common error that presenters make while creating slides?
Putting far too much text on the slide.
95
Why does putting too much text on a slide confuse the audience?
The audience is unsure whether to read the text or listen to the speaker, as they cannot do both.
96
What are some principles of good design that slides should show?
Principles of good design include unity, emphasis or focal point, scale and proportion, balance, and rhythm.
97
What is recommended in terms of using fonts for text on presentation visuals?
It is best to use a single font for the text or two different fonts in consistent ways (e.g., headings and titles in one font, bullet points in another).
98
What is the advice regarding the background of presentation visuals?
The background should remain consistent, whether using design templates or a background color.
99
What is the suggestion for maintaining unity in presentation slides?
Each slide should have one message, one photo, one graphic to ensure clarity for the audience.
100
What is a phrase to remember about presentation slides and design elements?
Just because you can, doesn't mean you should.
101
What are the three types of animation in slideshows?
1. Little characters or icons with movement 2. Designed movement of text or objects on and off the screen 3. Third type not mentioned in the text
102
Why is designed movement of text or objects on and off the screen useful?
It allows you to control what your audience is seeing and avoids bringing up all the text and material on a slide at one time.
103
What is the potential issue with presenting all the text and material on a slide at once?
It can distract the audience and take away attention from the presenter.
104
What are slide transitions in PowerPoint?
Slide transitions in PowerPoint refer to the design of how the next slide appears, such as appearing automatically, as blinds, checkerboards, from different sides of the screen, in opening circles, etc.
105
How do slides transition in Prezi?
In Prezi, the slides transition by zooming in and out, which can create a clever effect but may cause some audience members to experience motion sickness.
106
What is the recommendation regarding sound effects in presentations?
Using sound effects in presentations, such as in PowerPoint, is strongly discouraged.
107
What is the standard rule for text size on slides?
The standard rule is 7 X 7, or sometimes 6 X 6 for smaller screens. This means having no more than seven horizontal lines of text, with the longest line not exceeding seven words.
108
Why is it important to practice with the equipment you intend to use for your presentation?
It is essential to practice with the equipment to ensure the information on your slides is large enough for the audience to see, as display sizes may vary according to the projector being used.
109
What does following the 7 X 7 rule help prevent?
Following the 7 X 7 rule helps prevent putting too much information on a slide, and also helps avoid having too many slides. Sometimes, less information is more effective.
110
What is the recommended number of slides for a ten-minute speech?
Fewer than ten slides, unless there is a good argument for more based on the content of the speech.
111
What is the recommended font size for text on slides?
Text should not be smaller than 22 point font for best visibility.
112
Why is it important to have high contrast between text and slides?
High contrast between the text and slides is extremely important for visibility.
113
What are the recommended color combinations for text and background in presentation slides?
White fonts against very dark backgrounds and black fonts against very light backgrounds.
114
Why should words not be placed on photos in presentation slides?
It obscures some of the picture and makes the words difficult to read.
115
Which fonts are recommended for reading from screens in presentation slides?
Sans serif fonts such as Arial, Tahoma, and Verdana are better than serif fonts like Times New Roman, Bookface, Georgia.
116
What contributes to the tone in slides according to the text?
Fonts, color, clip art, photographs, and templates all contribute to tone, which is the attitude being conveyed in the slides.
117
What is tone?
The attitude being conveyed in the slides. It is defined as the attitude of a given artifact (humorous, serious, light hearted etc.)
118
What colors and fonts are more appropriate for a speech about cruises with a light tone?
Springtime, pastel, cool, warm, or primary colors and fonts like Comic Sans.
119
What design elements are more fitting for a speech about the Holocaust?
Somber colors and design elements, avoiding clip art.
120
What do bullet points infer?
That the items in the bulleted list are equal and the sequence doesn't matter.
121
When should numbers be used instead of bullet points?
To communicate order, sequence, or priority.
122
What should bullet points in a presentation aid be like?
Bullet points should be short, not long full sentences, but long enough to convey meaning.
123
Why is it recommended not to put outline points on slides?
It is recommended not to put outline points on slides to avoid clutter and maintain clarity.
124
What is the importance of choosing a template and sticking with it when designing slides?
Choosing a template and sticking with it ensures consistency in design and prevents format changes that can distort graphics and cover up words.
125
What should a graphic be surrounded by?
Some empty space
126
What can help presenters feel independent of the mouse attached to the computer?
Obtaining a remote mouse to change slides can help presenters feel independent of the mouse attached to the computer.
127
What should presenters do if they have to use the mouse to change slides?
If presenters have to use the mouse to change slides, they should keep their hands off of it between clicks.
128
What should you attend to when using a remote clicker or attached mouse during a presentation?
You must attend to the connection between what is on the screen and what you are actually talking about at the moment.
129
What should you do if the screen is up but you are not talking about what is on the screen?
Hit the 'B' key or the blank screen button on the remote mouse to turn the screen black.
130
What does hitting the 'W' key in PowerPoint do?
It turns the screen to white, but it may make the audience think something is coming.
131
What is a basic presentation rule regarding visual aids?
To only show your visual aid when you are talking about it, and remove it when you no longer are talking about it.
132
What practical consideration should be taken regarding the file format of a presentation?
Be sure the file is saved in a format that will be "readable" on the computer where you are presenting.
133
What type of software is recommended for creating presentations that require a strong Internet connection?
Prezi or other web-based presentation software
134
What is a common temptation for speakers when using presentation aids?
To look at the projected image rather than the audience.
135
How can speakers maintain eye contact with the audience while using presentation aids?
Print notes from the presentation slides or use the slides as a note structure.
136
What should speakers always remember about technology and presentation aids?
Technology works for you, not you for the technology. Presentation aids are aids, not the speech itself.
137
What should speakers do if technology fails during a presentation?
The show must go on. Find a way to continue the presentation despite technological issues.
138
Why is it important to provide verbal transitions in a speech using slides?
Verbal transitions are necessary to guide the audience through the content changes on the slides.
139
How can not preparing visuals ahead of time affect your presentation?
It can be interpreted negatively and make you stand out in a bad way compared to other speakers.
140
What is a situation where chalk or dry-erase boards can be useful during a speech?
When you want to visually show information received from the audience.
141
What is the first rule for using a chalk or dry-erase board?
Write large enough so that everyone in the room can see.
142
When using a flipchart, what should you do after writing on it?
Clean the board afterward
143
What is a poster session?
Times during an academic conference where visitors can view a well-designed poster depicting a research project and discuss it one-on-one with the researcher
144
What is a drawback of using posters as presentation aids?
Problems with visibility and portability.
145
What is advised against when creating presentation aids?
Avoid producing aids that look unprofessional, like cutting pictures out of magazines and pasting them on.
