Ch. 9- Respiratory System Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
alveol
A
alveolus (air sac)
2
Q
bronch
bronchi
A
bronchus (airway)
3
Q
bronchiol
A
bronchiole (little airway)
4
Q
capn
carb
A
carbon dioxide
5
Q
laryng
A
larynx (voice box)
6
Q
lob
A
lobe (a portion)
7
Q
nas
rhin
A
nose
8
Q
or
A
mouth
9
Q
ox
A
oxygen
10
Q
palat
A
palate
11
Q
pharyng
A
pharynx (throat)
12
Q
phren
A
diaphragm (also mind)
13
Q
pleur
A
pleura
14
Q
pneum
pneumon
A
air or lung
15
Q
pulmon
A
lung
16
Q
sinus
A
sinus (cavity)
17
Q
spir
A
breathing
18
Q
thorac
pector
steth
A
chest
19
Q
tonsill
A
tonsil (almond)
20
Q
trache
A
trachea (windpipe)
21
Q
uvul
A
uvula
22
Q
-pnea
A
breathing
23
Q
sinuses
A
air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity
24
Q
palate
A
partition between the oral and nasal cavities; divided into the hard and soft palate
25
pharynx
throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx
26
nasopharynx
part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages
27
oropharynx
central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
28
laryngopharynx
lower part of the pharynx just below the oropharynx opening into the larynx and the esophagus
29
tonsils
oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filters air to protect the body from bacterial invasion
30
adenoid
lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose
31
uvula
small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate
32
larynx
voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea
33
glottis
opening between the vocal cords in the larynx
34
epiglottis
lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
35
trachea
windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina where it splits into the right and left bronchus
36
lobes
subdivisions of the lung,
2 on left
3 on the right
37
pleura
membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura)
| and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)
38
pleural cavity
potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura
39
diaphragm
muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and aids in respiration by moving up and down
40
mediastinum
partition that separates the thorax into two compartments and encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland
41
mucous membrane
thin sheets of tissue that line the respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid fluid
42
cilia
hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, that provide upward movement of mucus cell secretions
43
parenchyma
functional tissues of any organ such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs that perform respiration
44
eupnea
normal breathing
45
bradypnea
slow breathing
46
tachypnea
fast breathing
47
hypopnea
shallow breathing
48
hyperpnea
deep breathing
49
dyspnea
difficult breathing
50
apnea
inability to breath
51
orthopnea
ability to breath only in an upright position
52
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and sometimes rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea
53
crackles
| rales
popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli- occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis
54
wheezes
| rhonchi
high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway- occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema
55
stridor
a high-pitched crowing sound that is a sign of obstruction in the upper airway
56
caseous necrosis
degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance
57
dysphonia
hoarseness
58
epistaxis
nosebleed
59
expectoration
coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs
60
sputum
material expelled from the lungs by coughing
61
hemoptysis
coughing up and spitting out blood originating in the lungs
62
hypercapnia
| hypercarbia
excessive level of CO2 in the blood
63
hyperventilation
excessive movement of air in and out of the lungs causing hypocapnia
64
hypoventilation
deficient movement of air in and out of the lungs causing hypercapnia
65
hypoxemia
deficient amount of O in the blood
66
hypoxia
deficient amount of O in tissue cells
67
obstructive lung disorder
condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs
68
restrictive lung disorder
condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs
69
pulmonary edema
fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli, eventually flooding into the alveoli
70
pulmonary infiltrate
density on an x-ray representing solid material within the air spaces of the lungs, usually indicating inflammatory changes
71
rhinorrhea
thin, watery discharge from the nose
72
asthma
panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of their mucous membrane, characterized by paroxysmal attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough
73
atelectasis
collapse of lung tissue
74
bronchiectasis
abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus
75
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
76
bronchogenic carcinoma
lung cancer
77
bronchospasm
constriction of bronchi caused by spasm of the peribronchial smooth muscle
78
emphysema
obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air, with destructive changes in the walls resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange
79
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
80
cystic fibrosis
inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thick, viscous mucus that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract;mucus that obstructs the airways leads to infection, inflammation, and lung tissue damage
81
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
82
laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)
inflammation of the upper airways with swelling that creates a funner-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct "seal bark" cough
83
laryngospasm
spasm of laryngeal muscles causing constriction
84
nasal polyposis
presence of numerous polyps in the nose
85
pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx
86
pleural effusion
accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity
87
empyema
| pyothorax
accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
88
hemothorax
accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
89
pleuritis
| pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura
90
pneumoconiosis
chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dust such as coal, asbestos, or silicone
91
pneumonia
inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals
92
pneumocystis pneumonia
pneumonia caused by the Pneumocystis carinii organism-
93
pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall
94
pneumohemothorax
air and blood in the pleural cavity
95
pneumonitis
inflammation of the lung often caused by hypersensitivity to chemicals or dust
96
pulmonary embolism (PE)
occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot
97
pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
disease caused by the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesions
98
sinusitis
inflammation of the sinuses
99
sleep apnea
periods of breathing cessation that occur during sleep, often causing snoring
100
tonsillitis
acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils
101
upper respiratory infection (URI)
infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi
102
arterial blood gases (ABGs)
analysis of arterial blood to determine the adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gasses
103
PaO2
partial pressure of O measuring the amount of O in the blood
104
PaCO2
partial pressure of CO2 measuring the amount of CO2 in the blood
105
endoscopy
examination of a body cavity with a flexible endoscope to examine within for diagnostic or treatment purposes
106
bronchoscopy
use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways
107
nasopharyngoscopy
use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx to diagnose structural abnormalities such as obstructions, growths, and cancers
108
lung biopsy
removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathological examination
109
lung scan
two-part nuclear scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of perfusion or ventilation, commonly called a V/Q scan
110
magnetic resonance image (MRI)
nonionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions
111
polysomnography (PSG)
recording of various aspects of sleep for diagnosis of sleep disorders
112
auscultation
to listen; physical examination method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope,
113
percussion
physical examination method of tapping over the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity such as the chest
114
pulmonary function testing (PFT)
direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities
115
spirometry
portion of pulmonary function testing that is a direct measurement of lung volume and capacity
116
tidal volume (TV)
amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration
117
vital capacity (VC)
amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration
118
```
peak flow (PF)
peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
```
measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration
119
pulse oximetry
noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of O saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at a site of arterial pulsation, used to monitor hypoxemia
120
radiology
x-ray imaging
121
chest x-ray
x-ray image of the chest to visualize the lungs
122
computed tomography (CT)
computed x-ray imaging of the head is used to visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses
123
pulmonary angiography
x-ray of the blood vessels of the lungs after injection of contrasting material
124
adenoidectomy
excision of the adenoids
125
lobectomy
removal of a lobe of a lung
126
nasal polypectomy
removal of a nasal polyp
127
pneumonectomy
removal of an entire lung
128
thoracentesis
puncture for aspiration of the chest
129
thoracoplasty
repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs
130
thoracoscopy
endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thoracoscope
131
thoracostomy
creation of an opening in the chest usually for insertion of a tube
132
thoracotomy
incision into the chest
133
tonsillectomy
excision of the palatine tonsils
134
tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
excision of the tonsils and adenoids
135
tracheostomy
creation of an opening in the trachea, most often to insert a tube
136
tracheotomy
incision into the trachea
137
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
method of artificial respiration and closed chest massage used to restore breathing and cardiac output after cardiac arrest
138
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
device that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages, commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea
139
endotracheal intubation
passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixtures to the lungs
140
incentive spirometry
common postoperative breathing therapy using a specialized designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and repeatedly sustain an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications
141
mechanical ventilation
mechanical method performed by a respiratory therapist to provide assisted breathing using a ventilator
142
expectorant
drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing
