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Physiology Unit 2 & 3 > CH 9 - the autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

CH 9 - the autonomic nervous system Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Autonomic neurons are composed of?

A

The centers of the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Autonomic neurons role?

A

Receives input from sensory neurons and directs activity of involuntary motor neurons that innervate cardiac and smooth muscles and glands

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3
Q

Interneurons role?

A

Interneurons integrate sensory information and help direct the appropriate response to maintain homeostasis and respond to the environment.

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4
Q

Where are somatic neurons located?

A

Somatic motor neurons have cell bodies in the spinal cord and just one neuron traveling from spinal cord to effector(skeletal muscle).

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5
Q

What are the 2 sets of autonomic motor neurons in the PNS?

A

Pre ganglion and Post ganglion

The first has cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord and synapses in an autonomic ganglion

The second has cell bodies in the ganglion and synapses on the effector

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6
Q

Where are autonomic pre-ganglion neurons found?

A

originate in the midbrain or hindbrain or from the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal cord

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7
Q

Where are autonomic post-ganglion neurons found?

A

originate in the ganglion

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8
Q

Where are autonomic ganglia located?

A

The head, neck, and abdomen as well as in chains along either side of the spinal cord

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9
Q

Where are sympathetic pre-ganglion neurons found?

A

Preganglionic neurons come from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

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10
Q

What is the sympathetic division also known as?

A

Thoracolumnar division

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11
Q

Where is the sympathetic pre-ganglionic synapse located

A

Preganglionic neurons synapse in sympathetic ganglia that run parallel to the spinal cord.

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12
Q

What are the sympathetic ganglia called?

A

Paravertebral ganglia

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13
Q

Explain convergence and divergence (sympathetic)

A

Divergence: One preganglionic neuron synapses on several postganglionic neurons at different levels.

Convergence: Several preganglionic neurons at different levels synapse on one postganglionic neuron.

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14
Q

What does convergence and divergence allow then sympathetic division to do?

A

Allows the sympathetic division to act as a single unit through mass activation, to be tonically active, and increase “fight or flight”

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15
Q

What are pre-ganglia called in the sympathetic division

A

Collateral (prevertebral) ganglia

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16
Q

Where are splanchnic nerves found?

A

Synapse in the collateral ganglia (sympathetic division)

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17
Q

What do splanchnic nerves do?

A

(pre) Collateral ganglia include celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia.

Postganglionic neurons innervate organs of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

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18
Q

What does the adrenal cortex do and where is it located?

A

The adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones and has a different embryonic origin

The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system as a part of mass activation (sympathoadrenal system)

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19
Q

Where are parasympathetic pre-ganglion found

A

Preganglionic neurons come from the brain or sacral region of the spinal cord.

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20
Q

What is the parasympathetic division also known as?

A

craniosacral division

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21
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia located?

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A

They synapse on ganglia located near or in effector organs; called terminal ganglia

22
Q

What is a difference between how pre-ganglion parasympathetic and post-ganglion sympathetic neurons travel?

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A

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons do not travel with somatic neurons (as sympathetic postganglionic neurons do).

23
Q

General function of sympathetic division?

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A

Fight or flight

24
Q

General function of parasympathetic division?

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A

Rest and digest

25
What is Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission?
Acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter used by all preganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic) It is also the neurotransmitter released from most parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. Some sympathetic postganglionic neurons (those that innervate sweat glands and skeletal muscle blood vessels) release ACh.
26
What is Adrenergic Synaptic Transmission?
Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons. These synapses are called adrenergic. Drugs that acts like sympathoadrenal stimulation are called sympathomimetic drugs Adrenergic NTs are collectively called catecholamines
27
Explain Varicosities
Axons of postganglionic neurons have various swellings called varicosities that release neurotransmitter along the length of the axon. They form “synapses en passant” - in passing. Sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate many of the same tissues but release different neurotransmitters with usually antagonistic effects
28
What are the stimulation and inhibition to Adrenergic Stimulation?
Can be epinephrine in the blood or norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves Can stimulate or inhibit, depending on receptors Stimulation: heart, dilatory muscles of the iris, smooth muscles of many blood vessels (causes vessel constriction) Inhibition: Bronchioles in lungs, other blood vessels; inhibits contraction and causes dilation of these structures
29
Drugs that mimic adrenergic responses?
Agonists – drugs that promote the process stimulated by the NT Antagonists – drugs that block the action of the NT
30
Response to Cholinergic Stimulation?
ACh released from preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic division is stimulatory. ACh from postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division is usually stimulatory, but some are inhibitory, depending on receptors.
31
Sympathetic and parasympathetic effects are...?
Opposite :D (usually)
32
Response to Cholinergic Stimulation (receptors)
Cholinergic Receptors Nicotinic: found in autonomic ganglia Stimulated by Ach from preganglionic neurons Serve as ligand-gated ion channels for Na+ & K+ channels Blocked by curare ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Muscarinic: found in visceral organs and stimulated by release of Ach from postganglionic neurons Five types identified; can be stimulatory or inhibitory (opening K+ or Ca2+ channels) Use G-proteins and second messenger system Blocked by atropine
33
What does the post sympathetic nerves secrete?
Norepinephrine
34
What does everything else (non post sympathetic) nerves secrete?
Achetacholine
35
What organs does norepinephrine effect?
The heart (increase heart rate. Agonist) and lungs (relax smooth muscle. Antagonist)
36
What are agonist drugs?
Drugs that activate things/stimulate
37
What are antagonist drugs?
Drugs that stop things/block
38
Which division has longer pre-ganglion neurons and shorter post-ganglion neurons?
Parasympathetic division
39
Which division has shorter pre-ganglion neurons and longer post-ganglion neurons?
Sympathetic division
40
What do nicotinic receptors do?
They activate stuff :)
41
What are the 2 types of Cholinergic receptors? (yes this is in here twice)
Nicotinic and Muscarinic
42
What organs have dual intervention?
Most visceral organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. (Most of the time these systems are antagonists) ~Heart rate – sym increases, para decreases ~Digestive functions – sym decreases, para increases ~Pupil diameter – sym dilates, para constricts
43
What organs DON'T have dual intervention?
The following organs are innervated by the sympathetic division only: ~Adrenal medulla ~Arrector pili muscles in skin ~Sweat glands in skin ~Most blood vessels Regulated by increase and decrease in sympathetic nerve activity Important for body temperature regulation through blood vessels and sweat glands
44
How many motor neurons are in the somatic AND autonomic systems?
Somatic: 1 (skeletal muscle) Autonomic 2 (pre-ganglion and post-ganglion)
45
Which motor neuron system is INVOLUNTARY?
Autonomic
46
What division has paraganglia and collateral (prevertebral) ganglia?
Sympathetic division
47
What division is the terminal ganglia in?
Parasympathetic division
48
Which divisions secrete Achetacoline?
Sympathetic: ~Preganglion (post is norepinephrine) Parasympathetic: ~Preganglion ~Postganglion
49
Sympathetic or Parasympathetic: which does digestion rate go down?
Sympathetic division
50
Sympathetic or Parasympathetic: which does heart rate go down?
Parasympathetic division
51
Sympathetic or Parasympathetic: which does the pupil diameter increase?
Sympathetic division

Physiology Unit 2 & 3 (12 decks)

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