Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology Unit 2 & 3 > Chapter 18 - Digestive system > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What does digestion do?
What does absorption do?

A

Digestion breaks polymers (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) into monomer building blocks via hydrolysis reactions

Absorption takes these monomers into the bloodstream to be used by the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 5 forms of motility in digestion?

A

a. Ingestion
b. Mastication
c. Deglutition
d. Peristalsis
e. Segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Movement of food through the tract?

A

Motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

taking food into the mouth?

A

Ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

chewing and mixing food with saliva?

A

Mastication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Swallowing?

A

Deglutition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

wave-like, one-way movement through tract?

A

Peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

churning and mixing while moving forward?

A

Segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the parts of the GI tract in order? (input to output)

A

Oral cavity →
Pharynx →
Esophagus →
Stomach →
Small intestines →
Large intestines →
Anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the accessory organs in the GI?

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is saliva important for eating?

A

contains mucus, an antimicrobial agent, and salivary amylase to start digestion of starch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the tube from the stomach to small intestine?

A

Duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the part of the large intestine connecting to the small intestine?

A

Ascending colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the middle part of the large intestine?

A

Transverse colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What part of the large intestine is connected to the anus?

A

Descending colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the other name for the ascending colon (like right before it i think)

A

cecum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the small/large intestines special names?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does salivary amylase break down?

A

Starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 parts of Deglutition?

A

Oral: voluntary; muscles of mouth and tongue mix food with saliva to form a bolus.

Pharyngeal: involuntary; initiated by receptors in the posterior oral cavity and oropharynx

Esophageal: controlled by the swallowing center of brain stem; bolus is moved down esophagus to stomach via peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Esophagus (copy paste)

A

Passes through the diaphragm via the esophageal hiatus
Lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Mouth, pharynx, and upper esophagus lined with skeletal muscles innervated by somatic motor neurons
Lower esophagus lined with smooth muscle controlled by autonomic nervous system
Lower esophageal (gastroesophageal) sphincter opens to allow food to pass into stomach. It stays closed to prevent regurgitation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the functions of the stomach? (5)

A

a. Stores food
b. Churns food to mix with gastric secretions
c. Begins protein digestion
d. Kills bacteria in the food (acid)
e. Moves food into small intestine in the form of a pasty material called chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where does the small intestine start and end?

A

Starts at the pyloric sphincter and ends at the ileocecal valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine and how big are they?

A

a. Duodenum – first 10 inches
b. Jejunum – middle 2/5
c. Ileum – last 3/5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What nutrients does the small intestine absorb/digest?

A

a. Complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
b. Absorption of nutrients (on a different flash card)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are intestinal enzymes called? What activates them?
Brush border enzymes Enterokinase (enteropeptidase) is required for the activation of the protein-digesting enzyme trypsin that comes from the pancreas and activates other pancreatic enzymes.
26
What are the large intestine regions?
a. Through the ileocecal valve into the b. Cecum → c. Ascending colon → d. Transverse colon → e. Descending colon → f. Sigmoid colon → g. Rectum → h. Anal canal → i. Anus
27
What is the structure of the large intestine?
Mucosa – simple columnar epithelial cells with goblet cells, crypts, lymphatic nodules, but no villi Outer surface forms pouches called haustra due to a short section of external smooth muscle called the taenia coli that bunches to colon to form the haustra
28
How does food go down the esophagus to the stomach?
Peristalsis
29
Where is the pyloric sphincter?
Stomach to small intestine
30
What are the 3 regions of the stomach?
Upper region = fundus Lower region = body Distal region = pyloric region; ends at pyloric sphincter
31
What are rugae?
The folds in stomach lining
32
What are the ridges/bumps/lines in small intestines?
PLICAE CIRCULARES
33
What are covering plicae circulares?
Microvilli
34
Why are villi, microvilli, and plicae circulares important?
They greatly increase the surface area of the small intestine
35
What is the name of the digestion enzyme that's in the stomach?
Pepsin
36
What is the inactive name of pepsin?
Pepsinogen
37
What absorbs Sugars, lipids, amino acids, calcium, and iron?
Duodenum and jejunum
38
What absorbs bile salts, vitamin B12, water, and electrolytes?
ileum
39
What does the duodenum absorb?
Sugars, lipids, amino acids, calcium, and iron
40
What does the jejunum absorb?
Sugars, lipids, amino acids, calcium, and iron
41
What does the ileum absorb?
Bile salts, vitamin B12, water, and electrolytes
42
What is the function of the large intestine?
a. Absorption (see other cards) b. Production of some vitamins c. Storage of feces
43
What absorbs water, electrolytes, vitamin K, and some B vitamins?
The large intestine
44
What does the large intestine absorb?
water, electrolytes, vitamin K, and some B vitamins
45
What does the large intestine secrete? Via what?
vitamin K and B vitamins via microbial organisms
46
What are the accessory organs in the GI tract?
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
47
What are the liver cells?
hepatocytes
48
What side is the liver mostly on?
The right side
49
What is the liver composed of?
c. Composed of hepatocytes that form hepatic plates separated by capillaries called sinusoids - Capillaries have fenestrae with no diaphragm or basement membrane - Very permeable, allowing passage of blood proteins, fat, and cholesterol
50
What is the hepatic portal system? (copy paste)
a. Products of digestion absorbed in intestines are delivered to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. (nutrients do not directly enter general circulation) b. Veins from the pancreas, gallbladder, stomach, omentum, and spleen also join with the hepatic portal vein. c. After circulating through liver capillaries, the blood leaves via the hepatic vein to join regular venous circulation
51
What are the liver lobules? (copy paste)
a. Hepatic plates are arranged as liver lobules with hepatic arteries, hepatic portal veins, and a central vein. b. Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein open into the sinusoids between the plates c. Bile secreted by the hepatocytes is released into bile canaliculi, which drain into bile ducts, then to hepatic ducts away from the liver.
52
What is Enterohepatic Circulation? (copy paste)
a. Aside from bile, the liver secretes other substances such as drugs into the bile ducts to clear them from the blood. b. Some of the molecules released into the bile are absorbed again in the small intestine and returned to the liver. c. These molecules are part of enterohepatic circulation; analogous to renal clearance. d. Eventually molecules are excreted in feces.
53
what vein did Dr. Seo say to remember? (liver)
Hepatic portal vein
54
What is liver bile composed of?
Bile pigment (bilirubin) Bile salts Phospholipids (lecithin) Cholesterol Inorganic ions
55
How does the liver detox blood? (copy paste)
Hepatocytes lining the sinusoids, Kupffer cells, and dendritic cells have pathogen recognition receptors that recognize PAMPs, allowing them to scavenge blood-borne bacteria and remove them The liver can remove hormones, drugs, and other substances
56
What does the liver secrete? (copy paste)
Secretion of Glucose, Triglycerides, and Ketone Bodies a. The liver helps balance blood glucose levels by removing glucose and storing it as glycogen (glycogenesis) and triglycerides (lipogenesis) or by breaking down glycogen (glycogenolysis) and releasing it into the blood. b. The liver can also make glucose from amino acids (gluconeogenesis) and convert fatty acids into ketones (ketogenesis).
57
Plasma proteins? (copy paste)
a. Plasma albumin and most plasma globulins, clotting factors and angiotensinogen are produced by the liver. b. Albumin provides colloid osmotic pressure and transport c. Globulins provide transport and blood clotting d. Clotting factors I, II, III, V, VII, IX, XI
58
What is: Sac-like organ attached to the inferior surface of the liver Stores and concentrates bile from the liver
The gallbladder (I have beef with mine)
59
Pancreas endocrine and exocrine functions
a. Endocrine: Islets of Langerhans cells (Pancreatic Islets) make insulin and glucagon. b. Exocrine: Acinar cells make pancreatic juice, which is delivered to the duodenum via the pancreatic duct.
60
Enzymes for all three classes of macromolecules (in pancreatic fluid)
Amylase which digests starch Trypsin which digests proteins and activates other enzymes Lipase which digests triglycerides
61
Pancreatic enzymes (copy paste)
Most are inactive (zymogenes) until they reach the small intestine. a. Enterokinase activates trypsinogen  trypsin (to digest protein). b. Trypsin activates other enzymes.

Physiology Unit 2 & 3 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions