Chapter 16 - respiratory physiology

Question 1

What is ventilation?

Answer 1

mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs (breathing)

Question 2

Oxygen utilization by tissues to make ATP?

Answer 2

Cellular respiration

Question 3

Ventilation and gas exchange in lungs = ?

Answer 3

External respiration

Question 4

Oxygen utilization and gas exchange in tissues = ?

Answer 4

Internal respiration

Question 5

Air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs?

Answer 5

Alveoli

Question 6

What is the air pathway? (copy paste)
(I’m so sorry)

Answer 6

Air travels down the nasal cavity → Pharynx → Larynx (through the glottis and vocal cords) → Trachea → Right and left primary bronchi → Secondary bronchi → Tertiary bronchi → (more branching) → Terminal bronchioles → Respiratory zone (respiratory bronchioles → Terminal alveolar sacs

Question 7

What is in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 7

Contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus within the central mediastinum

Question 8

What fills the rest of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 8

Lungs

Question 9

What lines the thoracic cavity wall?

Answer 9

The parietal pleura

Question 10

What covers the lungs?

Answer 10

The visceral pleura

Question 11

What is the space between the parietal and visceral pleura called?

Answer 11

The intrapleural space

Question 12

What did Dr. Seo use to explain the relationship between lung alveoli and pulmonary capillaries for gas exchange?

Answer 12

A fish in a fish tank :)

Question 13

What are the 3 types of pressure in respiration?

Answer 13

Atmospheric pressure
Intrapulmonary or intra-alveolar pressure
Intrapleural pressure

Question 14

Which pressure is the pressure of air outside the body?

Answer 14

Atmospheric pressure

Question 15

Which pressure is the pressure IN the lungs?

Answer 15

Intrapulmonary or intra-alveolar pressure

Question 16

Which pressure is the pressure within the intrapleural space and contains a thin layer of fluid as a lubricant?

Answer 16

Intrapleural pressure

Question 17

Intrapulmonary pressure that is lower than atmospheric pressure?

Answer 17

Inspiration (inhalation)

Question 18

Pressure below that of the atmosphere is called?

Answer 18

Sub atmospheric or negative pressure

Question 19

Intrapulmonary pressure that is greater than atmospheric pressure?

Answer 19

Expiration (exhalation)

Question 20

The difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure is called?

Answer 20

Transpulmonary (transmural) pressure and is positive during inspiration and expiration.

Question 21

Which of the 3 pressures is the lowest in inspiration AND expiration?

Answer 21

Intrapleural

Question 22

Pressure difference in Insp/exp for intrapulmonary pressure?

Answer 22

Insp: -1
Exp: +1

Question 23

Pressure difference in Insp/exp for intrapleural pressure?

Answer 23

Insp: -8
Exp: -5

Question 24

Pressure difference in Insp/exp for transpulmonary pressure?

Answer 24

Insp: +7
Exp: +6

Question 25

Which muscle is most important in breathing?

Answer 25

Diaphragm

Question 26

How does the diaphragm work while breathing?

Answer 26

Contracts in inspiration – lowers, making the thoracic cavity larger Relaxes in expiration – raises, making the thoracic cavity smaller

Question 27

Which muscle raises the rib cage during inspiration?

Answer 27

External intercostal muscles

Question 28

Which muscle lowers the rib cage during forced expiration?

Answer 28

Internal intercostal muscles

Question 29

which muscle in between the costal cartilages works with the internal intercostals?

Answer 29

Parasternal intercostal muscles

Question 30

Which 3 muscles are used for forced inspiration; elevates the ribcage more?

Answer 30

The scalenes, pectoralis minor, and sternocleidomastoid

Question 31

Quiet expiration occurs..?

Answer 31

occurs with the relaxation of the inspiratory muscles (passive process)

Question 32

Which muscles are used for forced expiration?

Answer 32

Abdominal muscles

Question 33

What is the breathing mechanism for inspiration? (copy paste)

Answer 33

a. Inspiration: Volume of thoracic cavity (and lungs) increases vertically when diaphragm contracts (flattens) and laterally when parasternal and external intercostals raise the ribs. Thoracic & lung volume increase → intrapulmonary pressure decreases → air in

Question 34

What is the breathing mechanism for expiration? (copy paste)

Answer 34

b. Expiration: Volume of thoracic cavity (and lungs) decreases vertically when diaphragm relaxes (dome) and laterally when external and parasternal intercostals relax for quiet expiration or internal intercostals contract in forced expiration to lower the ribs. Thoracic & lung volume decrease → intrapulmonary pressure increases → air out

Question 35

Which of the pressures is the highest in inspiration AND expiration?

Answer 35

transpulmonary

Question 36

What is most oxygen in blood bound to?

Answer 36

Hemoglobin

Question 37

What changes the affinity of hemoglobin for O2?

Answer 37

PH, temperature, and 2,3-DPG

Question 38

Affinity decreases at lower pH and increases at higher pH =

Answer 38

Bohr effect

Question 39

In oxygenated blood: More unloading occurs at ____ pH.

Answer 39

Lower

Question 40

How is metabolism and PH related in breathing?

Answer 40

As one raises, the other lowers

Question 41

How is hemoglobin's affinity for O2 related to temperature in breathing?

Answer 41

As one raises, the other lowers

Question 42

______s obtain energy from the anaerobic metabolism of glucose (has no nucleus or mitochondria)

Answer 42

RBC

Question 43

What is anaerobic metabolism of glucose inhibited by in breathing?

Answer 43

Inhibited by oxyhemoglobin

Question 44

What are the 3 ways CO2 is carried through blood?

Answer 44

Dissolved in plasma Carbaminohemoglobin attached to an amino acid in hemoglobin Bicarbonate ions (majority)

Question 45

What is the chemical equation for carbonic anhydrase?

Answer 45

H2O + CO2 → H2CO3

Question 46

What is carbonic anhydrase? (copy paste)

Answer 46

a. Carbon dioxide readily reacts with water in the RBC of the systemic capillaries and plasma b. Carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction to form carbonic acid at high PCO2

Question 47

What is the chemical equation for the formation of bicarbonate and H+?

Answer 47

H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3−

Question 48

What is bicarbonate and H+? (copy paste)

Answer 48

Carbonic acid is a weak acid that will dissociation into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. This reaction also uses carbonic anhydrase as the catalyst

Question 49

When is 2,3-DPG produced?

Answer 49

When a person is anemic or at a high altitude