Chapter 20 - Body functions (reproduction)

Question 1

What are the 2 compartments of testes?

Answer 1

Seminiferous tubules
Interstitial tissue

Question 2

What does interstitial tissue do?

Answer 2

where Leydig (interstitial endocrine) cells make testosterone; also filled with blood and lymphatic capillaries
Testosterone secreted in response to LH

Question 3

What does seminiferous tubules do?

Answer 3

where spermatogenesis occurs
FSH influences spermatogenesis.

Question 4

What are the male accessory organs?

Answer 4

Spermatids

The epididymis

In ejaculation, spermatozoa

The seminal vesicle and prostate gland

Question 5

Where is testosterone made?

Answer 5

Inside the interstitial tissues

Question 6

Where does sperm come from?

Answer 6

Seminiferous tubules

Question 7

What is the pathway of spermatids?

Answer 7

seminiferous tubules → rete testis → efferent ductules → epididymis.

Question 8

the site of sperm maturation and storage; sperm become motile?

Answer 8

Epididymis

Question 9

Where do spermatozoa go? (what’s the pathway)

Answer 9

epididymis → ductus deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra.

Question 10

The __________ and _________ add fluid to the sperm to form semen.

Answer 10

seminal vesicle
prostate gland

Question 11

female gonads; site of oocyte and sex steroid production?

Answer 11

Ovaries

Question 12

have fimbriae that partially wrap around the ovaries and “catch” the oocyte after ovulation?

Answer 12

Uterine (Fallopian) tubes

Question 13

What are the 3 main female organs?

Answer 13

Ovaries
Uterine (fallopian) tubes
Uterus

Question 14

What are the 4 components of the uterus?

Answer 14

Endometrium

Myometrium

Perimetrium

Cervix

Question 15

Uterus: inner layer, where embryo implants and develops

Answer 15

Endometrium

Question 16

Uterus: middle muscle layer; contracts to expel baby at birth

Answer 16

Myometrium

Question 17

Uterus: outer connective tissue layer

Answer 17

Perimetrium

Question 18

narrow bottom region of uterus?

Answer 18

Cervix

Question 19

Primary oocytes (female)? (copy paste)

Answer 19

a. Toward the end of gestation, a female’s oogonia begin meiosis to produce primary oocytes. Oogenesis is stopped at prophase I of meiosis I.
b. The ovaries of a newborn girl have 2 million primary oocytes.
c. By puberty, this number is cut to about 400,000.
d. Only about 400 of these will be ovulated in her lifetime

Question 20

Primary oocytes are contained within _________ that have one layer of cells

Answer 20

primary follicles

Question 21

Uterine follicles:
Continued growth results in fused vesicles to form a single antrum; this is a mature _______________.

Answer 21

Graafian follicle

Question 22

Secondary oocytes (female)? (copy paste)

Answer 22

a. As the Graafian follicle grows, the primary oocyte finishes meiosis I to become a secondary oocyte (plus a polar body, which soon degenerates).
b. The secondary oocyte begins meiosis II, but stops at metaphase II.
c. Meiosis II will complete, only if there is fertilization of the ovum.

Question 23

What are some facts about Graafian follicle in ovulation? (seemed important but idk how to turn it into a flash card)

Answer 23

By the 10th to 14th day after the first day of menstruation, one follicle becomes a mature Graafian follicle
Graafian follicle becomes so big it bulges out of the ovary
Becomes a corpus luteum AFTER ovulation finishes

Question 24

Towards the end of the non-fertile cycle, the corpus luteum turns into what?

Answer 24

Corpus Albicans

Question 25

What is "yellow body" in the female reproductive system

Answer 25

Corpus Luteum

Question 26

What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 26

a. Menstrual b. Proliferative c. Secretory

Question 27

The menstrual cycle describes the 28-day cycle of _____________________ and __________ in response to __________

Answer 27

endometrial buildup sloughing ovarian hormones

Question 28

What are the 3 phases of follicular changes?

Answer 28

a. Follicular phase b. Ovulation c. Luteal phase

Question 29

What are the steps in the ovarian follicular phase

Answer 29

a. Lasts from day 1 through 13 (variable) b. Primary follicles → Secondary follicles → Graafian follicle (one kept)

Question 30

What are the steps in ovulation?

Answer 30

FSH causes the Graafian follicle to bulge out of the ovary wall. LH surge begins ~24 hours before ovulation. Stimulates Graafian follicle to rupture, releasing secondary oocyte

Question 31

What are the steps in the luteal phase?

Answer 31

After ovulation, LH stimulates the ruptured follicle to become a corpus luteum. The corpus luteum secretes estradiol and progesterone. Progesterone peaks ~1 week after ovulation. High levels of estradiol and progesterone feed back on the pituitary gland and inhibit FSH and LH secretion. Shuts down follicle development to prevent further ovulation long enough to give the secondary oocyte a chance to be fertilized Ends with the degeneration of the corpus luteum around day 28 Decreasing levels of estradiol and progesterone stimulate the sloughing of the endometrium and menstruation.

Question 32

What is some info on the cyclic changes in the endometrium? (cant figure out how to format the flashcard for this)

Answer 32

The menstrual cycle begins with menstruation at the end of the previous ovarian cycle. The development of the endometrium is regulated by secretion of estradiol and progesterone in the ovaries.

Question 33

a. Occurs while ovary is in the follicular phase b. Increasing levels of estradiol stimulate the growth of the stratum functionale of the endometrium. c. Spiral arteries develop d. The endometrium also becomes more vascular and develops progesterone receptors.

Answer 33

Proliferative phase

Question 34

a. Occurs while the ovaries are in the luteal phase b. Secretion of progesterone stimulates the development of uterine glands, which store glycogen. c. The endometrium also becomes even thicker and more vascular. d. Endometrium is prepared to nourish a growing embryo if the oocyte is fertilized.

Answer 34

Secretory phase

Question 35

a. Occurs as a result of the fall in estradiol and progesterone when the corpus luteum degenerates b. Arteries in the endometrium constrict, cells in the stratum functionale die, and this region is sloughed.

Answer 35

Menstrual phase

Question 36

How long does the follicular phase last?

Answer 36

2 weeks

Question 37

How long does the luteal phase last?

Answer 37

2 weeks

Question 38

What hormone makes ovulation?

Answer 38

LH (luteinizing hormone)