Ch1 Cell Review

Question 1

Protoplasm water percent

Answer 1

70-85%

Question 2

Cell Inorganic material mineral salts examples (2)

Answer 2

1. Na - Sodium
2. K - potassium
   (osmotic pressure)

Question 3

Cell organic material (4)

Answer 3

1. Protein
2. Carbohydrate
3. Nucleic acid
4. Lipids

Question 4

Nucleic acid function

Answer 4

Direct cellular info and transmit genetic information

Question 5

Protein
- Made up of
- Examples (3)

Answer 5

• Amino acids
• Insulin, albumin, hemoglobin

Question 6

Carbohydrates
- Composed of (3)
- Primary source of ___ to the cell

Answer 6

• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Energy

Question 7

Lipids
- Store
- Assists in
- Protects body from

Answer 7

• Energy
• Digestive process
• Heat and cold

Question 8

Two major sections in the cell structure

Answer 8

• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm

Question 9

What are the main ways to imporve RTT (4)

Answer 9

• Increase standards of dose Rx
• Improve dose distribution
• IGRT techniques
• Exploiting radiobilogical initiatives

Question 10

Physical phase is

Answer 10

Interactions of particles with the atoms

Question 11

Chemical phase is

Answer 11

Breaking bonds and formation of free radicals

Question 12

Biological phase

Answer 12

Consequences of exposure

Question 13

Cell membrane function

Answer 13

Monitor all exchanges betwen intracellular and extracellular fluid (selectivly permeable)

Question 14

Ribosomes is the site of

Answer 14

Protein synthesis

Question 15

Lysomes function is

Answer 15

Breaking down of protein, DNA and some carbohyrates and foreign particles

Question 16

Golgi complex function

Answer 16

Prepares and stores chemicals then secrets them into the body

Question 17

DNA
- Shape
- Held together by

Answer 17

• Double helix
• Nitrogenous bases

Question 18

DNA purines are (2)

Answer 18

• Adenine (A)
• Guanine (G)

Question 19

DNA Pyrimidnes are (2)

Answer 19

• Cytosine (C)
• Thymine (T)

Question 20

DNA is contained within

Answer 20

Chromosomes

Question 21

Chromosomes only appear in ___ cells

Answer 21

Dividing cells

Question 22

What are the two cell types

Answer 22

• Germ cells
• Somatic cells

Question 23

Germ cell
- Gametes gender
- Spermatoza male
- Responsible for
- Chromosome is called (2)
- Chromosemes exist

Answer 23

• Female
• Male
• Reproduction
• N or haploid number
• Singly

Question 24

Somatic cells (all other cells)
- Chromosomes are called (2)
- Chromosemes exist

Answer 24

• 2n or diploid (number of chromosomes in somatic cells)
• Paired

Question 25

Human chromosomes is

Answer 25

46

Question 26

Somatic cells only grow during (2)

Answer 26

- Fetal development - Adolescents

Question 27

Diploid number for - Humans - Dogs - Gorillas

Answer 27

- 2n=46 - 2n=78 -2n=48

Question 28

Cell cycle divided into four phases

Answer 28

- Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telephase

Question 29

Describe prophase

Answer 29

- Chromosomes shorten and thicken and move closer to center

Question 30

Decribe metaphase (3)

Answer 30

- Chromosomes line up at center - Nucler membrane is broken - Centromere is duplicated

Question 31

Describe anaphase

Answer 31

Two chromatids repel each other and migrate to opposite poles

Question 32

Decribe telephase (3)

Answer 32

- Nuclear membrane reconstructs - Cytoplasm divides equally between daughter cells - At end each cell contains full set of chromosomes

Question 33

DNA synthesis happens in which cell phase and how long does it take (Howard and Pelc 1952)

Answer 33

- Interphase - 15 hours

Question 34

During DNA synthesis how long do each phases take - M - S - G2 - G1

Answer 34

- 1 Hour - 15 hours or less - 1-5 hours - Varies

Question 35

Meiosis is the porcess where

Answer 35

Cells divide

Question 36

Meiosis cells divide ___ while chromosomes divide ___

Answer 36

- Twice - Once

Question 37

Meiosis results in

Answer 37

Four gametes each containing a habloid number of chromosomes

Question 38

Types of tissues (5)

Answer 38

- Epithelial - Connective - Nervous - Blood - Muscular

Question 39

Epithelial tissue - What is it - Examples (2)

Answer 39

- Cells growing into sheets that cover organs and line cavities - Skin, digestive linings

Question 40

Connective tissue - What is it - Examples (3)

Answer 40

- Structural units of the body - Bone, Cartilage and fat

Question 41

Nervous tissue - What is it - Examples (2)

Answer 41

- Nerves that extend all over the body - Astrocyte, oligodendroglia

Question 42

Muscular tissue - Arranged in - Examples (3)

Answer 42

- Sheets and bundles - Skeletal, Cardiac, Visceral

Question 43

Blood cells - Function - Examples (3)

Answer 43

- Tansports O2, Immunity and blood clotting - RBC, WBC, platelets

Question 44

Proliferation kinetics: Static - Proliferation - Examples (2)

Answer 44

- No proliferation or cell renewal - Neurons, adrenal medulla

Question 45

Proliferation kinetics: Middle group - Proliferation - Examples (3)

Answer 45

- Low level of cell renewal but rapid renewal on demand - Liver, thyroid, Connective tissue

Question 46

Proliferation kinetics: Continued proliferation - Proliferation - Examples (3)

Answer 46

- Frequent mitosis and cell renewal - Epidermis, intestines, bone marrow

Question 47

Epithelial cell cancers are called

Answer 47

Carcinomas

Question 48

Connective tissue cancer is called

Answer 48

Sarcomas

Question 49

Malignant blood cells are called

Answer 49

Leukemia

Question 50

Regression means

Answer 50

Shrinking of tumor

Question 51

Regrowth means

Answer 51

recurrence

Question 52

Local control means

Answer 52

cure

Question 53

Cells responce to radiation depends on (3)

Answer 53

- Cell proliferation - Cell clonogenic capacity - Are cells oxygenated or anoxic