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RTT Biology Spring 25 > Ch 8 Tumor growth and responce > Flashcards

Ch 8 Tumor growth and responce Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Responce of organ/tissue depends on (3)

A
  • Sensitivity of cell populations
  • Type of cells/tissues that make up that organ
  • Turnover kinetics of each
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2
Q

Rad. responce =

A

When and if cells divide

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3
Q

Bergonie and Tribondeau (1906)
Did experiments on rodent ___. Beacuse it contained both ___ and ___ cells.

A
  • Testicles
  • Mature and immature
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4
Q

Bergonie and Tribondeau (1906)
Stated the “cell divison was important to…”

A

selective cell killing”

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5
Q

Bergonie and Tribondeau (1906)
Stated that radiation sensitivity for alll cells in the body were based on…

A

Miotic activity and differentiation

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6
Q

Bergonie and Tribondeau (1906)
Ionizing radiation is more effective afainst cells that are A.U.H

A
  • Actively dividing
  • Undifferentiated
  • Have a long dividing future
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7
Q

Bergonie and Tribondeau (1906)
Stated that the ___ of radiation damage differs among type of cells

A

Apperance

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8
Q

ANCEL AND VITEMBERGER
(1925)
The appearance of radiation damage is influenced by (2)

A
  • Biological stress on the cell
  • Pre and post irradiation conditions of the cell
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9
Q

ANCEL AND VITEMBERGER
(1925)
The greatest influence on radiosensitivity
is the

A

biologic stress placed on the cell (division)

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10
Q

All cells are damaged to same degree.
___ is expressed if/when the cell
___

A
  • Damage
  • Divides
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11
Q

Cells dividing quickly express ___ sooner and appear more ___

A
  • Damage
  • Sensitive
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12
Q

ANCEL AND VITEMBERGER
(1925)
All cells are ___ sensitive, just rapidly dividing cells show ___ faster because it is expressed during ___

A
  • Equally
  • Damage
  • Division
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13
Q

What is important when evaluating radiosensitivity of tissue (3)

A
  • Cell division
  • Turnover
  • Kinetics
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14
Q

Differentiation of a cell determines the degree of (3)

A
  • Functional specialization
  • Morphological specialization
  • Maturity
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15
Q

Undifferentiated immature cells primary function is to ___ and replace ___ cells

A
  • Divide
  • mature
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16
Q

Undifferentiated immature cells aka (2)

A
  • Precursor
  • Stem cells
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17
Q

Cell Populations names
- Stem cells
- Transit cells
- Static cells

A
  • Primitve
  • Transforming
  • Not changing / Finalized
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18
Q

___ - divide/self renewal and maintain other cell populations

A

Stem Cell Population

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19
Q

___ - cells going from stem cell compartment to end cell compartment,

A

Transit Cell Population

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20
Q

Transit Cell Population examples (2)

A
  • Nucleated
  • Reticulocyte
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21
Q

___ - fully differentiated, exhibit little or nomitotic activity. Loses cells throughout life span. No replacement of cells.

A

Static population

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22
Q

Stem cells are differentiated or undifferentiated

A

Undiffentiated

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23
Q

Transit cells may or may not ___

A

Divide

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24
Q

Transit cells are neither ___ or ___

A
  • Mature
  • Immature
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25
Static cells have little to no ___ ___
Miotic activity
26
Static cells are differentiated or un differentiated
differentiated
27
RUBIN AND CASARETT Cell populations from most senstive to least (4)
- Vim - Dim - Mpc - Rpm - Fpm
28
Differentiation cell populations are (3)
- Stem - Transit - Static
29
Parenchymal Compartment contains the cells ___ of the ___ ___ or organ
- Characteristics - individual tissue
30
Stromal Compartment contains ___, ___, ___ of the organ
- Connective tissue - Vasculature - Supporting stuctures
31
Tissue responce to Rad.. New hypothesis: Response is due to killing and subsequent depletion of the critical ___cells of the organ
- Parenchymal
32
Tissue responce to Rad.. New hypothesis: Differences in the time it takes for damage ___ due to differences in ___ ___ of target cells.
- Expression - Turnover Kinetics
33
Damage to intestines - Expressed in _ - _ weeks post irradiation - ___ hour cell cycle of stem cells
- 1-2 - 12
34
Damage to lung - Expressed in ___ months post irradiation - Reflects a slower turnover of ___ cells
- 3 - Parenchymall
35
Normal tissue catagories are based on ___
Turnover Kinetic
36
Acutely responding normal tissue - Manifest injury within a few ___ post Rx - All are ___ ___ ___containing rapidly dividing stemm cell populations
- Months - self renewal tissues
37
Acutely responding normal tissue examples (4)
- Bone marrow - Skin - Intestines - Testis
38
Late responding normal tissue - Do not express injury for at least ___ months - Contain ___ ___ cell populations
- 3 - slowly dividing
39
Rapidly dividing, stem cell populations and quick side effects are ___ responding tissues
Acutely
40
Slowly divididng, static cells and show injury after 3 months are ___ responding tissues
Late
41
What is an assay?
Analysis or study used to asses tissue damage as a function of dose
42
What do assay results provide?
Cell survival or dose responce curves
43
Cell survival assessed as function of ___
Dose
44
Despite many tests, the most critical test involves the ability of the stem cell to retain ___ ___
reproductive integrity
45
Clonogenic assay's Survival curves of tissue containing __ ___ that divide and form clones in ___.
- Stem cells - vivo
46
A Functional Assay is an assay of ___ rather than ___
- Function - Survival
47
Functional assys are used for tissure that do not have ___ ___ ___
Clonogenic stem cells
48
Functional assys produce data ___ curves rather than ___ ___ curves
- Responce - Cell survival
49
Functional assys allow comparison of ___ ___ to radiation
Tissue Responce
50
Acutely responding organs caused __ or ___ sooner than late responding organs
- Death - Paralysis
51
What is LD 50
Lethal dose that kills 50% of the animals
52
Internal factors that effect radio sensitivity ___ vs __ ___ vs ___
- Differentiated vs undifferentiated - Acute vs late responding tissue
53
External factors effecting tissue radiosensitivity (3)
- physical factors - Chemical factors - Biological factors
54
Cell and tissue responce can be modified to (3)
- Diminish the responce (radioresistant) - Enchance the responce (radiosensitive) - Change time of responce
55
___ factors exert an influence on the cell’s response to ___ (Vitemberger)
- External - Radiation
56
___ ___ curves are constructed to compare the effect on cell survival of ___ ___ and ___ ___ radiations.
- Cell survival - high LET - Low LET
57
Decrease in shoulder region is due to ___ LET
Higher
58
High LET provides ___ number of ___ per unit of travel.
- Larger - Ionizations
59
High LET expels its ___ quickly, but does not ___ ___
- Energy - Travel Far
60
Define: Dose rate
The rate at which radiation is delivered. Gy per minute
61
Reducing dose rate on a survival curve makes the line more
Shallow / Flat
62
Low dose rates allow for cell ___
Repair
63
Reduction in DR causes shoulder on survival curve to ___
Broaden (Larger)
64
Which radiosensitizer has the most dramatic effect
Oxygen
65
The Oxygen Effect Enhances formation of ___ ___ during ___ action with ___ content of cell
- Free radicals - Indirect - water
66
The Oxygen Effect blocks waht process of the cell
Restoration
67
The Oxygen Effect Draws ___ ___ into ___ ___ producing ___ damage
- Free radicals - longer chains - irreversible
68
The Oxygen Effect does not correct the damage, instead it aims to
fix the damage
69
Aerated cells graph characteistics: - Slope shoulder region - Slope (line)
- Smaller shouldler region - Steeper
70
The Oxygen Effect maximum sensitivity is __mmHg, aka (oxygen tension)
30
71
The Oxygen Enhancement Ratio "Function" compares...
The responce of cells or organisms to radiaiton with and without oxygen
72
OER equation is
Hypoxic / Oxygenated Ex. 3/1 = 3 times more senstive under oxygenated conditions
73
OER for mammalinc cells is
2-3
74
OER is more pronounced with ___ LET
Low
75
Hight LET radiation ionizes so densely that targets are hit ___ ___ regardless of ___ ___ or O2 enhancement
- Multiple times (high cell kill) - dose rate
76
What substitutes the base of Thymidine in DNA
Halogen Pyrimidines
77
Halogen Pyrimidines changes ___ molecule making it more ___ te rad damage
- DNA - Susceptible
78
Other rad sensitizers (4)
- Methotrexate - Actinomycin D - Hydroxyurea - Vitamin K
79
The ___ group are known as radioprotectors
Sulfhydryl
80
Most radiosensitve cell phase(s)
G2 – M
81
Most radioresistant cell phase
S
82
___ ___ affect cells in the most radiosensitive phases of the cell cycle, ___ their progression through mitosis
- low doses - Delaying
83
At 3 Gy you produce ___ death
reporductive
84
CELL DEATH OCCURS AFTER ___
DIVISION
85

RTT Biology Spring 25 (9 decks)

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