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NN MicBio > CH1-S1 > Flashcards

CH1-S1 Flashcards

1
Q

___% of known bacteria do not cause disease (non-pathogens)

A

95

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2
Q

What is microbiology?

A

study of very small living organisms called microorganisms or mircobes

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3
Q

___% of all known bacteria caused human diseases (pathogens)

A

1

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4
Q

Is it suitable for using electron microscope to observe bacteria?

A

No

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5
Q

What to use for observing bacteria?

A

Light microscope

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6
Q

Examples for acellular micobes

A

Viruses, prions (causing 瘋牛症)

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7
Q

Examples for cellular micobes

A

Bacteria, Archaeans, Algae, Protozoa, Fungi, Helminths(寄生蟲/蠕蟲)

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8
Q

Describe indigenous microflora or microbiota

A

Beneficial, inhibit growth of pathogens by occupying space, depleting nutrients and secreting materials, 10x the total# of our cells, 500-1000 difference species

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9
Q

Describe opportunistic pathogens (opportunists)

A

Do not usually cause problems, but have potential to cause infection

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10
Q

Normal human microbiota take place in?

A

Nasal area, mouth, throat area, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, skin, vaginal area, urethra

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11
Q

What is the human uses of microbes?

A

Bioremediation, Biological insecticides, Biotechnology and genetic engineering

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12
Q

What is bioremediation(生物修復)?

A

Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage, bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury

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13
Q

What is biological insecticides?

A

Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides to prevent insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission

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14
Q

What is biotechnology and genetic engineering?

A

The use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals, missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in gene therapy, genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from insects and freezing

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15
Q

Describe infectious diseases

A

Caused by pathogenic microoraganisms, the disease can be spread directly or indirectly from one person to another

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16
Q

Examples for emerging(新出現) infectious diseases

A

AIDS, hepatitis C, viral encephalitis

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17
Q

Examples for re-emerging infectious diseases

A

malaria, tuberculosis

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18
Q

Lists biochemical basis of life

A

Atoms, molecules, elements, compounds

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19
Q

Describe representation of an oxygen atom

A

8 protons and 8 neutrons are tightly bound in the central nucleus, around which the eight electrons revolve

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20
Q

About ___ elements are essential to living

A

30

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21
Q

__________ make up over 99% of the mass of most cells

A

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon

22
Q

Describe 2 types of compounds

A

Ionic compounds (gaining or losing electrons), Molecular compounds (sharing electrons)

23
Q

Solution is?

A

solutes dissolved in solvent

24
Q

Water accounts for ___% to ___% of a cell’s total mass. For example, human and E. coli

A

70, 80

25
Q

_____ is the most abundant molecule in living cells and is essential for the functioning of living cells.

A

Water

26
Q

All acids share a common feature:

A

the ability to produce hydrogen ions when in solution

27
Q

An acid molecule has more than one hydrogen atom. T/F

A

F

28
Q

______ release hydroxide ions and a cation, and become electrolytes when dissolved in water

A

Bases

29
Q

The ____ of a solution is related to the hydrogen ion concentration

A

pH

30
Q

pH ___ is the neutral point

A

7

31
Q

Nucleic acids contains ___________

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous

32
Q

Two categories of nucleic acids are _____________

A

DNA, RNA

33
Q

What is the flow of genetic information within a cell follows the sequence DNA -> mRNA -> protein, called?

A

Central Dogma

34
Q

Classification and Naming of Microorganisms: three-domain system (1970s Carl Woese). Which three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

35
Q

Describe one of the three-domain system: Bacteria

A

It is prokaryotic; known pathogens

36
Q

Describe one of the three-domain system: Archaea

A

It is prokaryotic, lack a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles, the oldest species

37
Q

Describe one of the three-domain system: Eukarya

A

It is eukaryotes, organisms that contain a membrane-bound nucleus

38
Q

Each organism has two names (Binomial name):

A

the genus and species

39
Q

Taxonomic rank

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

40
Q

Who is the “Father of microbiology”

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

41
Q

Who have done “Confirmation of biogenesis” and invented Pasteurization for the wine industry

A

Louis Pasteur

42
Q

What experiment disproved spontaneous generation and give evidence that microorganisms exist?

A

Pasteur’s Swan Neck Flask Experiment

43
Q

False theories of diseases before the Germ Theory:

A

Demons, witchcraft, bad luck, the wrath of god, curses, evil spirits

44
Q

Who ordered students to wash their hands with chlorinated lime before examining patients? (hand disinfection & childbirth fever)

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

45
Q

Who carried out world’s first antiseptic surgery? (used carbolic acid-phenol)

A

Joseph Lister

46
Q

Who developed Koch’s postulates?

A

Robert Koch

47
Q

What postulates verified the germ theory and established a link between a microbe and the disease it caused?

A

Koch’s postulates

48
Q

What is germ theory of disease?

A

Many disease are caused by the growth of microbes in the body

49
Q

Who discovered the first antibiotic?

A

Alexander Fleming

50
Q

How did the first antibiotic being discovered?

A

Penicillin nearby area is found to be inhibiting the bacterial growth

NN MicBio (15 decks)

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