CH5-S2

Question 1

The five actions of antimicrobial drugs:

Answer 1

1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. Inhibition of protein synthesis
3. Inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription
4. Injury to plasma membrane
5. Inhibition of synthesis of essential metabolites

Question 2

Beta-Lactam antibiotics:
all contain a beta-lactum ____
bing to penicillin binding proteins and inhibit ______ synthesis

Answer 2

ring, cell wall

Question 3

_______:
account for 1/3 of all antibiotics administered; relatively broad-spectrum; grouped together based on the type of bacteria that they’re most effective against; most resistant to penicillinases; fewer ________

Answer 3

Cephalosporins, allergic reactions

Question 4

Cefepime is the fourth generation of cephalosporins; it is _______

Answer 4

pseudomonas

Question 5

The fifth generation of cephalosporins is ______ (MRSA)

Answer 5

Ceftaroline

Question 6

2 examples of beta-lactam antibiotics:

Answer 6

Penicillin, cephalosporins

Question 7

Except penicillin and cephalosporins, give examples of other cell wall inhibitors

Answer 7

Bacitracin, isoniazid (INH), Vancomycin

Question 8

_____:
cell wall inhibitors; topical; for minor skin infection

Answer 8

Bacitracin

Question 9

_____:
cell wall inhibitors; treat active tuberculosis

Answer 9

Isoniazid (INH)

Question 10

_____:
cell wall inhibitors; treatment for septicemia or endocarditis caused by MRSA; used for pseudomenbranous colitis (superinfection of the bowel by Clostridium difficile - produces a toxin that damages the colon mucosa)

Answer 10

Vancomycin

Question 11

Suggest a antimicrobial drug that use for treatment of urinary tract infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or infections of eyes caused by susceptible strains of P. aeruginosa,
which cause injury to the plasma membrane

Answer 11

Polymyxin B

Question 12

How is the mechanisms of protein synthesis inhibition of Chloramphenicol?

Answer 12

It binds to 50S portion (of prokaryotic ribosome) and inhibits formation of peptide bond

Question 13

How is the mechanisms of protein synthesis inhibition of Tetracyclines?

Answer 13

It interfere with attachment of tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex

Question 14

Protein synthesis inhibition antimicrobial drug:
________:
against chlamydial and mycoplasmal species, H. pylori (GI ulcers), rickettsial infection, Lyme disease

Answer 14

Tetracycline

Question 15

Protein synthesis inhibition antimicrobial drug:
________:
very toxic, restricted uses, can cause irreversible damage to bone marrow; for typhoid fever, brain abscesses, rickettsial & chlamydial infections

Answer 15

Chloramphenicol

Question 16

Protein synthesis inhibition antimicrobial drug:
Aminoglycosides:
________- for plague, tularemia, tuberculosis
________- for chest infections, urinary tract infections or septicaemia

Answer 16

Streptomycin,
Gentamicin

Question 17

Protein synthesis inhibition antimicrobial drug:
Macrolides:
________- for gram-positive cocci (not MRSA), atypical organisms (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), Legionella pneumophila, and Campylobacter

Answer 17

Erythromycin

Question 18

Protein synthesis inhibition antimicrobial drug:
Macrolides:
________- similar spectrum but is more active, esspecially versus organisms associated with sinusitis or otitis media, Chlamydia, and Mycobacterium

Answer 18

Azithromycin

Question 19

Protein synthesis inhibition antimicrobial drug:
Macrolides:
________- has > activity versus Mycobacterium and H. pylori

Answer 19

Clarithomycin

Question 20

Protein synthesis inhibition antimicrobial drug:
_______:
actions similar to macrolides

Answer 20

Clindamycin

Question 21

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition antimicrobial drug:
Fluoroquinolones:
_________, _________ - for urinary tract infection, sexually transmitted disease, gastrointestinal, osteomyelitis, respiratory & soft tissue infections

Answer 21

Norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin

Question 22

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition antimicrobial drug:
Fluoroquinolones:
_________, _________ - for pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis

Answer 22

Sparofloxacin, levofloxacin

Question 23

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition antimicrobial drug:
________ - treatment of symptomatic trichomoniasis and Clostridium difficile infection

Answer 23

Metronidazole

Question 24

Folate antagonists: ________ and ________ - inhibit folic acid synthesis -> inhibit production of DNA and RNA and amino acids

Answer 24

Sulfonamides and trimethoprim

Question 25

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance:
Bacteria produce ____ that inactivate the drug
Bacteria synthesize modified targets against which the drug has a reduced effect
Bacteria reduce permeability to the drug
Bacteria actively export drugs using a “_______”

Answer 25

?, multidrug resistance pump

Question 26

Antibiotic resistant bacteria:
________:
This strain of the common “staph” bacteria causes infections in different parts of the body including the skin, lungs, and other areas
Resistant to certain antibiotics called beta-lactams, e.g. methicillin and other more common antibiotics such as oxacillin, penicillin and amoxicillin

Answer 26

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Question 27

Antibiotic resistant bacteria:
________:
cause infection of the urinary tract, intestines, bloodstream or skin wounds; some enterococci have become resistant to vancomycin

Answer 27

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci

Question 28

Antibiotic resistant bacteria:
________:
very common is causing infections in humans
produce ESBLs which makes them resistance to antibiotics
in many instances, a very limited group of antibiotics remain effective

Answer 28

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing gram-negative bacilli