CH2-S2

Question 1

List methods in bacterial identification

Answer 1

Microscopic morphology, Macroscopic morphology-colony appearance, physiological/ biochemical characteristics,…

Question 2

Three basic shapes of bacterial cells (prokaryotic)

Answer 2

Bacillus, Coccus, Spirals (Vibrio, Spirillum, Spirochete)

Question 3

Examples of cell arrangement: Diplococci, _____, _____, _____, ____

Answer 3

Strephtococci, Tetrad, Sarcinae, Staphylococci / Single bacillus, Diplobacilli, Streptobacilli, Coccobacillus

Question 4

____ is a differential stain that distinguishes cells with a gram-positive cell wall from those with a gram-negative cell wall.

Answer 4

Gram stain

Question 5

Properties of gram-positive cell wall: _____, ______, _____, _____

Answer 5

Thick layer of peptidoglycocan, Tightly bound acidic polysaccharides (including teichoic acid and liopteichoic acid), Cell membrane, Retain crystal violet and stain purple

Question 6

Properties of gram-negative cell wall: _____, ______, _____, _____, _____

Answer 6

Thin peptidoglycocan, An outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (Lipid A of LPS acts as endotoxin), Periplasmic space, Inner membrane, Lose crystal violet and stain red from safranin counterstain

Question 7

Lipopolysaccharides = _____

Answer 7

outer layer of outer membrane

Question 8

State 4 steps of gram staining procedure

Answer 8

1. Application of crystal violet 2. Application of iodine 3. Alcohol wash 4. Application of safranin

Question 9

Chemical reaction in gram-negative cell wall under gram staining procedure

Answer 9

1. Cell wall stain with the dye 2. No effect of iodine 3. Outer membrane weakened and cell loses dye 4. Red dye stains the colorless cell

Question 10

Chemical reaction in gram-positive cell wall under gram staining procedure

Answer 10

1. Cell wall stain with the dye 2. Dye crystal trapped in the cell 3. Crystal remain in cell 4. Red dye has no effect

Question 11

Example(s) of gram-positive cocci

Answer 11

Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcis spp., Stephtococcus spp.

Question 12

Example(s) of gram-negetive cocci

Answer 12

Neisseria (e.g. N. gonorrhoeae)

Question 13

Example(s) of gram-positive bacilli

Answer 13

Clostridium (C. botulinum), Bacillus (B. antheacis), Corynebacterium (C. diphtheriae)

Question 14

Example(s) of gram-negative bacilli

Answer 14

Enterobacteriaceae (Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Protues, Salmonella, and Shigella supp.), Pseudomonas

Question 15

Example(s) of gram-positive coccobacilli

Answer 15

Listeria

Question 16

Example(s) of gram-negative coccobacilli

Answer 16

Haemophilus, Bordetella, Legionella

Question 17

Example(s) of gram-variable coccobacilli

Answer 17

Acinetobacter

Question 18

Example(s) of gram-____ curved (comma-shaped) bacilli

Answer 18

Negative, Examples: Vibrio cholerae (the cause of cholera), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (may cause食物中毒), Vibrio vulnificus 創傷弧菌(食肉菌)

Question 19

Example(s) of gram-____ helical bacteria (_____), has ____ filaments

Answer 19

Negative, axial, spirochetes, Examples: Treponema pallidum (cause syphilis), Borrelia burgdorferi (cause Lyme disease)

Question 20

List example(s) of gram-____ rigid spiral bacterium (_____) and its properties

Answer 20

Negative, spirilla, Examples: Campylobacter jejuni (causes campylobacteriosis), Helicobacter pylori (causes peptic ulcers), properties: motility mechanisms based on polar flagella

Question 21

Endospore formation is called?

Answer 21

Sporulation

Question 22

List properties of endospores

Answer 22

Dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure, resistance to: UV and gamma radiation, desiccation, lysozyme, temperature, starvation, and chemical disinfectants. Therefore, it is not readily killed by many antimicrobial treatments

Question 23

Returning to vegetative state is called?

Answer 23

Germination

Question 24

State example(s) of unique bacteria with nontypical cell walls

Answer 24

Mycobacterium, Nocardia

Question 25

State example(s) of unique bacteria without cell wall

Answer 25

Mycoplasma

Question 26

State example(s) of obligate intracellular parasites

Answer 26

Rickettsia, Chlamydia

Question 27

Example(s) of mycobacterium

Answer 27

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (causes tuberculosis), Mycobacterium leprae (causes leprosy- Hansen’s disease)

Question 28

State 2 properties of mycobacterium

Answer 28

Pleiomorphic rods, cell wall with lipid mycoli acid(cord factor) which resist staining by ordinary methods such as a Gram stain

Question 29

What method is used to test mycobacterium? What colour will be observed?

Answer 29

(Ziehl-Neelsen) Acid-fast staining. Bright red.

Question 30

State 4 properties of mycoplasma

Answer 30

Naturally lack a cell wall, stabilized by sterols and resistant to lysis, range in shape (from filamentous to coccus or doughnut shaped), “fried egg” appearance of its colonies

Question 31

Example(s) of mycoplasma

Answer 31

Mycoplasma pnuemoniae (causes atypical pneumonia)

Question 32

Rickettsia is gram-_____ and its mode of transmission: ____

Answer 32

negative, (節肢動物) arthropod-borne

Question 33

Example(s) of Rickettsia

Answer 33

Rickettsia prowazekii (causes epidemic typhus - by lice), Rickettsia rickettsii (causes Rocky mountain spotted fever - by tick)

Question 34

List two insects that may spread Rickettsia related disease (epidemic typhus/ Rocky mountain spotted fever)

Answer 34

lice, tick

Question 35

Chlamydia is gram-_____ and its mode of transmission: ____

Answer 35

negative, sexually transmitted diseases

Question 36

Example(s) of Chlamydia

Answer 36

Chlamydia trachomatis (severe eye infection and one of the most common sexually transmitted disease), Chlamydia psittaci (鳥病ornithosis, parrot fever), Chlamydia pnuemoniae (lung infections)

Question 37

Archaea is prokaryote or eukaryote?

Answer 37

prokaryote

Question 38

State 3 properties of Archaea

Answer 38

Seem more closely related to domain eukarya than to bacteria, have unique membrane lipids & cell wall construction, live in the most extreme habits in nature (methane producers, hyperthermophiles, extreme halophiles, and sulfur硫 reducers)