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NN MicBio > CH4-S1 > Flashcards

CH4-S1 Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity is _______

A

resistance to disease

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2
Q

Immune system has two intrinsic systems called: ________

A

Innate defense system, acquired(adaptive) defense system

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3
Q

Innate defense system has two lines of defense:
First - __________ ,Second - __________

A

external body membranes (skin and mucosa), antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells

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4
Q

Second line of defense in innate defense system can ____________

A

Inhibit spread of invaders. Inflammation is the most important mechanism

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5
Q

Third line of defense attacks particular foreign substances is _______

A

Adaptive defense system

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6
Q

Innate defenses include: _________

A

Surfaces barriers - skin, mucous membranes
Internal defenses - Phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation response, antimicrobial proteins, fever

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7
Q

Adaptive defenses include: _________

A

Humoral immunity - B cells
Cellular immunity - T cells

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8
Q

_____ is the most abundant phagocytes.

A

Neutrophils

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9
Q

Phagocytes: ______ develop from monocytes - chief phagocytic cells - robust cells; has fixed or free types

A

macrophages

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10
Q

_________(make more susceptible to phagocytosis) marks pathogens - coating by complement proteins or antibodies

A

Opsonization

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11
Q

Cytoplasmic extensions bind to and engulf particle in vesicle called ________.

A

phagosome

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12
Q

Phagosome fuses with lysosome ________

A

phagolysosome

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13
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis

A
  1. Phagocyte adheres to pathogens or debris.
  2. Phagocyte forms pseudopods that eventually engulf the particles, forming a phagosome.
  3. Lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vesicle, forming a phagolysosome.
  4. Lysosomal enzymes digest the particles, leaving a residual material.
  5. Exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual material.
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14
Q

Helper T cells cause release of enzymes of ________, which kill pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzymes by ______

A

respiratory burst,
Releasing cell-killing free radicals
Producing oxidizing chemicals (e.g., H2O2)
Increasing pH and osmolarity of phagolysosome

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15
Q

_________: nonphagocytic large granular lymphocytes;
Attack cells that lack “self” cell-surface receptors: induce ______in cancer cells and virus-infected cells

A

Natural Killer (NK) Cells, apoptosis

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16
Q

Cardinal signs of acute inflammation:________

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Sometimes have impairment of function

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17
Q

Kinins, prostaglandins (PGs), and complement ________; causes redness and heat of inflamed region

A

Dilate local arterioles (hyperemia)

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18
Q

_______ increase capillary permeability and produce exudate to tissues

A

Edema

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19
Q

Phagocyte Mobilization: ______lead; _______follow. As attack continues, _____arrive.

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes

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20
Q

Innate -> Internal defenses
Steps for phagocyte mobilization:
1. _________: release of neutrophils from bone marrow in response to _____ from injured cells
2. ________: neutrophils cling to to capillary wall in inflamed area in response to CAMs
3. ________of neutrophils (Neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries)
4. ________: inflammatory chemicals promote positive chemotaxis of neutrophils (Neutrophils follow
chemical trail)

A

Leukocytosis, leukocytosis-inducing factors, Margination, Diapedesis, Chemotaxis

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21
Q

Antimicrobial Protein include _____and _____. Some attack microorganisms directly. Some hinder microorganisms’ ability to reproduce.

A

interferons, complement proteins

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22
Q

_________: family of immune modulating proteins (have slightly different physiological effects) ; it is secreted by viral-infected cells to “warn” neighboring cells

A

Interferons

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23
Q

Give two functions of interferons

A

block viral reproduction and degrade viral RNA, activate NK cells and macrophages

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24
Q

Artificial interferons used to treat _______

A

hepatitis C, genital warts, multiple sclerosis, hairy cell leukemia

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25
Q

The interferon mechanism against viruses

A
  1. Virus enters cell
  2. Interferon genes switch on.
  3. Cell produces interferon molecules
  4. Interferon binding stimulates cell to turn on genes for antiviral proteins.
  5. Antiviral proteins block viral reproduction
26
Q

_______: major mechanism for destroying foreign substances; ~____ blood proteins that circulate in inactive form; unleashes inflammatory chemicals that amplify all aspects of inflammatory response ; kills bacteria and certain other cell types by _____; enhances _____defenses

A

Complement System, 20, cell lysis, both innate and adaptive

27
Q

Three pathways to complement activation: _________

A

Classical pathway (complement fixation), Lectin pathway (produced by innate system to recognize foreign invaders
), Alternative pathway

28
Q

Common terminal complement pathway initiated: _______

A

Enhances inflammation, promotes phagocytosis, causes cell lysis

29
Q

Leukocytes and macrophages exposed to foreign substances secrete _______ and act on body’s thermostat in hypothalamus, raising body temperature

A

pyrogens

30
Q

Benefits of moderate fever: ______

A

causes liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc (needed by microorganisms), increases metabolic rate to have faster repair

31
Q

Adaptive defenses’ functions and properties: _______________

A

Protects against infectious agents and abnormal body cells
Amplifies inflammatory response
Activates complement
Must be primed by initial exposure to specific foreign substance
Specific – recognizes and targets specific antigens
Systemic – not restricted to initial site
Have memory – stronger attacks to “known” antigens
Two separate, overlapping arms:
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity

32
Q

_______immunity has extracellular targets.
______ immunity has cellular targets

A

Humoral, Cellular

33
Q

_______ are substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response. Targets of all adaptive immune responses. Most are large, complex molecules not normally found in body (nonself).

A

Antigens

34
Q

Complete antigens have important functional properties:
______: ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes
_______: ability to react with activated lymphocytes and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions

A

Immunogenicity, Reactivity

35
Q

Give examples of complete antigens

A

foreign protein, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids

36
Q

Antibodies and lymphocyte receptors bind to ______, to mobilize several different lymphocyte populations
and form different kinds of antibodies against them

A

antigenic determinants (immunogenic)

37
Q

List 3 cells of the adaptive immune system

A

B lymphocytes (B cells)—humoral immunity
T lymphocytes (T cells)—cellular immunity
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)—Do not respond to specific antigens, play essential auxiliary roles in immunity

38
Q

List five general steps of lymphocyte development, maturation, and activation

A
  1. Origin
    -Both B and T lymphocyte precursors originate in red bone marrow.
  2. Maturation
    -Lymphocyte precursors destined to become T cells migrate (in blood) to the thymus and mature there,
    -B cells mature in the bone marrow.
    -During maturation, lymphocytes develop immunocompetence and self-tolerance.
  3. Seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation
    -Immunocompetent but still naive lymphocytes leave the thymus and bone marrow.
    -They “seed” the secondary lymphoid organs and circulate through blood and lymph.
  4. Antigen encounter and activation
    -When a lymphocyte’s antigen receptors bind its antigen, that lymphocyte can be activated.
  5. Proliferation and differentiation
    -Activated lymphocytes proliferate (multiply) and then
    differentiate into effector cells and memory cells.
    -Memory cells and effector T cells circulate continuously in
    the blood and lymph and throughout the secondary
    lymphoid organs.
39
Q

T cells mature in ______under negative and positive selection pressures (“tests”):
______: Selects T cells capable of recognizing self-MHC proteins (MHC restriction); failures will be destroyed by apoptosis
______: Prompts apoptosis of T cells that bind to self-antigens displayed by self-MHC, ensures self-tolerance

A

thymus, Positive selection, Negative selection

40
Q

Describe the adaptive defenses (cellular immunity) process / Positive & negative selection

A

T cells will first undergo positive selection. They must recognize self-MHC. This will result in survival. Survivors proceed to negative selection. However, if they are fail to recognize self-MHC will result in apoptosis (death by cell suicide).
T cells must not recognize self-antigens negative selection, which results in survival and continued maturation. On the opposite, recognizing self-antigen results in apoptosis. This
eliminates self-reactive T cells that could cause autoimmune diseases.

41
Q

B cells mature in _______. Positively selected if successfully make antigen receptors. Those that are self-reactive will be eliminated by apoptosis (clonal deletion).

A

red bone marrow

42
Q

________:naive lymphocyte’s first encounter with antigen  selected for further development. If correct signals present, lymphocyte will complete its differentiation.

A

Clonal selection

43
Q

Describe the adaptive defenses (humoral immunity) process

A

Primary response; Antigen binding to a receptor on a
specific B lymphocyte -> (Activated B cells) Proliferation to form a clone -> plasma cells (effector B cells) secrete
antibody molecules & memory B cell—primed to respond
to same antigen

44
Q

Lag period of primary immune response is _____.

A

three to six days

44
Q

What is the use of vaccination?

A

Active humoral immunity when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them. (Artificially acquired)

45
Q

Two types of _______immunity:
Naturally acquired—response to bacterial or viral infection
Artificially acquired—response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens

A

active humoral

46
Q

_______:
-Readymade antibodies introduced into body
-B cells are not challenged by antigens
-Immunological memory does not occur
-Protection ends when antibodies degrade

A

Passive Humoral Immunity

47
Q

Two types of _______immunity:
Naturally acquired—antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk
Artificially acquired—injection of serum, such as gamma globulin
Protection immediate but ends when antibodies naturally degrade in body

A

Passive Humoral Immunity

48
Q

______ is gamma globulin portion of blood;
proteins secreted by plasma cells; antibodies; grouped into one of five Ig classes

A

Immunoglobulins

49
Q

Antibody classes: ______

A

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, or IgE

50
Q

______ determine antibody class

A

Constant regions of stem in antibody

51
Q

Function(s) of IgA

A

Helps prevent entry of pathogens

52
Q

Function(s) of IgD

A

B cell receptor

53
Q

Function(s) of IgG

A

Monomer; 75–85% of antibodies in plasma
From secondary and late primary responses
Crosses placental barrier

54
Q

Function(s) of IgE

A

active in some allergies and parasitic infections (causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine)

55
Q

____cells can switch antibody classes but retain antigen specificity
-IgM at first; then IgG
-Almost all secondary responses are IgG

A

B

56
Q

Antibody Targets and Functions

A

-Antibodies inactivate and tag antigens; do not destroy them
(Form antigen-antibody (immune) complexes)
Defensive mechanisms used by antibodies:
-Neutralization and agglutination (the two most important)
-Precipitation and complement fixation

57
Q

Neutralization: _______

A

masks dangerous parts of bacterial exotoxins; viruses

58
Q

Agglutination: ______

A

cell-bound antigens

59
Q

T cell Activation: Proliferation and Differentiation:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

A

-Primary T cell response peaks within a week
-T cell apoptosis occurs between days 7 and 30
(Benefit of apoptosis: activated T cells are a hazard – produce large amount inflammatory cytokines cause hyperplasia, cancer)
-Effector activity wanes as amount of antigen declines
-Memory T cells remain and mediate secondary responses

60
Q

________: chemical messengers of immune system; mediate cell development, differentiation, and responses in immune system

A

Cytokines

NN MicBio (15 decks)

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