Ch.13 Study Guide

Question 1

Short-term memory is a form of memory that usually lasts only ____________, or as long as rehearsal continues. Working memory can be considered a portion of STM where info can be manipulated.

Answer 1

seconds

Question 2

Long-term memory is an ___________ form of memory that lasts days, weeks, months, or years. LTM has a very large capacity.

Answer 2

enduring

Question 3

Declarative memory is a memory that can be stated or ______________.

Answer 3

described

Question 4

Nondeclarative (procedural) memory is a memory that is shown by ______________ rather than by conscious recollection.

Answer 4

performance

Question 5

Semantic memory is generalized _______________ memory, such as knowing the meaning of a word.

Answer 5

declarative

Question 6

Episodic memory is a memory also called autobiographical memory- a memory of a particular incident or a particular ______ and place.

Answer 6

time

Question 7

Korsakoff’s syndrome is a _________ disorder, cause by thiamine deficiency, that is generally associated with chronic alcoholism.

Symptoms: difficulty learning new info, severe memory loss, confabulation(making up storied to fill memory gaps)

Cause: Thiamin deficiency, chronic alcohol abuse, malnutrition

Answer 7

memory

Question 8

Neuroplasticity is the ability of the nervous system to change in response to ________________ or the environment

Answer 8

experience

Question 9

Regarding H.M, his condition was anterograde _____________ and it was being treated by brain surgery.

Answer 9

amnesia

Question 10

H.M had his amygdala, most of the _________________, and surrounding cortex from both temporal lobes removed in the surgery.

Answer 10

hippocampus

Question 11

The resulting impact on H.M ability to form memories is that Henry struggled with forming _____ declarative memories ( memories that you can state/describe)

Answer 11

new

Question 12

A cognitive map is a mental representation of the relative spatial organization of ________ & info.

Answer 12

objects

Question 13

The role of the hippocampus in the formation of a cognitive map is crucial for _________ learning

Answer 13

spatial

Question 14

A Hebbian synapse is a synapse that is ___________________ when it successfully drives the postsynaptic cell

Answer 14

strengthened

Question 15

Rats raised in these different conditions:

Impoverished- animals are housed individually in standard lab cages

____________- animals are housed in small groups in standard lab cages. This is the typical environment for laboratory animals.

Enriched- Animals are housed in large social groups in special cages containing various toys & other interesting features. This condition provides enhanced opportunities for learning perceptual & motor skills, social learning, and so on

Answer 15

Standard

Question 16

Outcomes for rats raised in the enriched condition were:

• a heavier, thicker _________, especially in somatosensory and visual cortical areas
• show enhanced cholinergic activity throughout the cortex

-more dendritic ____________ on cortical neurons, and many more dendritic spines on those branches
have larger cortical synapses, consistent with the storage of long-term memory in cortical areas through changes in synapses and circuits

• have more neurons in the hippocampus because newly generated neurons live longer
  show enhanced _____________ from brain damage

Answer 16

cortex, branches, recovery

Question 17

Regarding long term potentiation (LTP): Part 1

In Figure 13.21, “Normally the ________ channel is blocked by a Mg2+ molecule and only the
AMPA channel functions in exciting the neuron.”

Answer 17

NMDA

Question 18

Regarding long term potentiation (LTP): Part 2

“With repeated activation of AMPA receptors, depolarization of the neuron drives the ________
out of the NMDA channel, allowing Ca2+ ions in.

The result of these actions is an increase in
subsequent neurotransmitter release and ______ AMPA receptors on the postsynaptic neuron

Answer 18

Mg2+, more

Question 19

What are the initial neural layers at the beginning of fetal brain development: the neural tube and the neural ________

Answer 19

plate

Question 20

Neurogenesis is the mitotic division of nonneuronal cells to __________ neurons

Answer 20

produce

Question 21

Cell migration is the ________________ of cells from site of origin to final location.

Answer 21

movement

Question 22

Cell differentiation is the developmental ________ in which cells acquire distinctive characteristics, such as those of neurons, as a result of expressing particular genes.

Answer 22

stage

Question 23

Synaptogenesis is the establishment of synaptic _______________ as axons and dendrites grow.

Answer 23

connections

Question 24

Apoptosis is the developmental process during which “surplus” _____ die.

Answer 24

cells

Question 25

Synapse rearrangement (synaptic remodeling) is the ______ of some synapses & the development of others; a refinement of synaptic connections that is often seen in development.

Answer 25

loss

Question 26

Dementia is the drastic failure of cognitive _________ , including memory failure and disorientation.

Answer 26

ability

Question 27

What structures are seen in the brain indicating Alzheimer’s? The hippocampus which is an area where new memories form. Damages to the frontal _____ of the brain eventually causes problems with intelligence, judgment and behavior. Damage to the temporal lobe affects memory and damage to the parietal lobe affects language.

Answer 27

lobe

Question 28

Cell death occurs when cells get old or ____________. Apoptosis and autophagy are natural processes and necrosis unexpected cell death from lack of blood flow which causes tissue death.

Answer 28

damaged

Question 29

Genotype (genome) is all the genetic ____ that one specific individual has inherited.

Answer 29

info

Question 30

Phenotype is the ____ of an individual's physical characteristics at one particular time

Answer 30

sum