Ch14: digestive system Flashcards
1
Q
absorption
A
passing of nutrients into the bloodstream
2
Q
alimentary canal
A
muscular tube from the mouth to the anus; digestive tract; gastrointestinal tract
3
Q
amino acid
A
chemical compound that results from digestion of complex proteins
4
Q
amylase
A
enzyme that is part of pancreatic juice and saliva and that begins the digestion of carbohydrates
5
Q
anal canal
A
part of the digestive tract extending from the rectum to the anus
6
Q
anus
A
place at which feces exit the body
7
Q
appendage
A
any body part (inside or outside) either subordinate to a larger part of having no specific central function
8
Q
appendix
A
wormlike appendage to the cecum
9
Q
bile
A
yellowish-brown to greenish fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; aids in fat digestion
10
Q
bilirubin
A
pigment contained in bile
11
Q
body
A
middle section of the stomach
12
Q
bowel
A
intestine
13
Q
cecum
A
pouch at the top of the large intestine connected to the bottom of the ileum
14
Q
cheeks
A
walls of the oral cavity
15
Q
chyme
A
semisolid mass of partially digested food and gastric juices that passes from the stomach to the small intestine
16
Q
colon
A
major portion of the large intestine
17
Q
defecation
A
release of feces from the anus
18
Q
deglutition
A
swallowing
19
Q
digestion
A
conversion of food into nutrients for the body and into waste products for release from the body
20
Q
duodenum
A
top part of the small intestine where chyme mixes with bile, pancreatic juices, and intestinal juice to continue the digestive process
21
Q
elimination
A
the conversion of waste material from a liquid to a semisolid and removal of that material via defecation
22
Q
emesis
A
regurgitation
23
Q
emulsification
A
breaking down of fats
24
Q
enzyme
A
protein that causes chemical changes in substances in the digestive tract
25
epiglottis
movable flap of tissue that covers the trachea
26
esophagus
part of ailmentary canal from the pharynx to the stomach
27
fatty acid
acid derived from fat during the digestive process
28
feces
semisolid waste that moves through the large intestine to the anus, where it is release from the body
29
frenulum
mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth
30
fundus
upper portion of the stomach
31
gallbladder
organ on lower surface of liver; stores bile
32
glucose
sugar found in fruits and plants and stored in various parts of the body
33
glycogen
starch that can be converted into glucose
34
gums
fleshy sockets that hold the teeth
35
hard palate
hard anterior portion of the palate at the roof of the mouth
36
ileum
bottom part of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine
37
jejunum
middle section of the small intestine
38
large intestine
passageway in intestinal tract for waste received from small intestine to be excreted through the anus; also, place where water reabsorption takes place
39
lingual tonsils
two mounds of lymph tissue at the back of the tongue
40
lipase
enzyme contained in pancreatic juice
41
lips
two muscular folds formed around the outside boundary of the mouth
42
liver
organ important in digestive and metabolic functions; secretes bile
43
mastication
chewing
44
mesentery
membranous tissue that attaches small and large intestines to the muscular wall at the dorsal part of the abdomen
45
mouth
cavity in the face in which food and water is ingested
46
palatine tonsils
mounds of lymphatic tissue on either side of the pharynx
47
pancreas
digestive organ that secretes digestive fluids; endocrine gland that regulates blood sugar
48
papilla
tiny projection on the superior surface of the tongue that contains taste buds
49
pepsin
digestive enzyme in gastric juice
50
peristalsis
coordinated, rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle that force food through the digestive tract
51
pharynx
tube through which food passes to the esophagus
52
pylorus
narrow bottom part of the stomach
53
rectum
bottom portion of large intestine; connected to anal canal
54
reflux
regurgitation
55
regurgitation
backward flow from the normal direction
56
rugae
folds in stomach lining; irregular ridges of mucous membrane on the hard palate
57
saliva
fluid secreted by salivary glands; contains amylase
58
salivary glands
glands in the mouth that secrete fluids that aid in breaking down food
59
sigmoid colon
S-shaped part of large intestine connecting at the bottom to the rectum
60
small intestine
20 ft long tube that continues the process of digestion started in the stomach; place where most absorption takes place
61
soft palate
soft posterior part of the palate in the mouth
62
stomach
large sac between the esophagus and small intestine; place where food is broken down
63
stool
feces
64
throat
pharynx
65
tongue
fleshy part of the mouth that moves food during mastication (and speech)
66
uvula
cone-shaped projection hanging down from soft palate
67
villus
tiny, fingerlike projection on the lining of the small intestine with capillaries through which digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and lymphatic system
68
achalasia
inability of a muscle, particularly the cardiac sphincter, to relax
69
achlorhydria
lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
70
anal fistula
small opening in the anal canal through which waste matter can leak into the abdominal cavity
71
ankyloglossia
condition of the tongue being partially or completely attached to the bottom of the mouth
72
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder with extreme weight loss
73
aphagia
inability to swallow
74
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
75
ascites
fluid buildup in the abdominal and peritoneal cavities
76
bulimia
eating disorder with bingeing and purging
77
cheilitis
inflammation of the lips
78
cholangitis
inflammation of the bile ducts
79
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
80
cholelithiasis
gallstones in the gallbladder
81
cirrhosis
liver disease, often caused by alcoholism
82
colic
gastrointestinal distress, especially of infants
83
colitis
inflammation of the colon
84
constipation
difficult or infrequent defecation
85
Crohn's disease
type of inflammatory bowel disease with no ulcers
86
diarrhea
loose, watery stool
87
diverticula
small pouches in the intestinal walls
88
diverticulitis
inflammation of the diverticula
89
diverticulosis
condition in which diverticula trap food or bacteria
90
duodenal ulcer
ulcer in the duodenum
91
dysentery
irritation of the intestinal tract with loose stools.
92
dyspepsia
indigestion
93
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
94
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine
95
eructation
belching
96
esophagitis
inflammation of the esophagus
97
fistula
abnormal opening in tissue
98
flatulence
gas in the stomach or intestine
99
flatus
gas in the lower intestinal tract that can be released through the anus
100
gallstones
calculi in the gallbladder
101
gastritis
inflammation of the stomach
102
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and small intestine
103
glossitis
inflammation of the tongue
104
halitosis
foul mouth order
105
hematemesis
blood in vomit
106
hematochezia
red blood in stool
107
hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted veins in the anus
108
hepatitis
inflammation or disease of the liver
109
hepatomegaly
enlarged liver
110
hepatopathy
liver disease
111
hiatal hernia
protrosion of the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm
112
hyperbilirubinemia
excessive bilirubin in the blood
113
icterus
jaundice
114
ileitis
inflammation of the ileum
115
ileus
intestinal blockage
116
intussusception
prolapse or collapse of an intestinal part into a neighboring part. One section collapses into another like a telescope
117
jaundice
excessive bilirun in the blood causing yellowing of the skin
118
melena
old blood in the stool
119
nausea
sick feeling in the stomach
120
obesity
abnormal accumulation of fat in the body
121
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
122
parotitis, parotiditis
inflammation of the parotid gland
123
peptic ulcer
sore on the mucous membrane of the digestive system; stomach ulcer or gastric ulcer
124
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
125
polyposis
condition with polyps, as in the intestines
126
proctitis
inflammation of the rectum and anus
127
sialoadenitis
inflammation of the salivary glands
128
steatorrhea
fat in the blood
129
ulcerative colitis
inflammation of the colon with ulcers
130
volvulus
intestinal blockage caused by the intestine twisting on itself
131
abdominocentesis
incision into the abdomen to remove fluid or relieve pressure
132
anal fistulectomy
removal of an anal fistula
133
anastomosis
surgical union of 2 hollow structures
134
appendectomy
removal of the appendix
135
Billroth's I
excision of the pylorus
136
Billroth's II
resection of the pylorus with the stomach
137
cheiloplasty
repair of the lips
138
cholecystectomy
removal of the gallbladder
139
choledocholithotomy
removal of stones from the common bile duct
140
cholelithotomy
removal of gallstones
141
cholelithotripsy
breaking up or crushing of stones in the body, especially gallstones
142
colectomy
removal of the colon
143
colostomy
creation of an opening from the colon into the abdominal wall
144
diverticulectomy
removal of diverticula
145
esophagoplasty
repair of the esophagus
146
gastrectomy
removal of part or all of the stomach
147
gastric resection or gastric bypass
removal of part of the stomach and repair of the remaining part
148
glossectomy
removal of the tongue
149
glossorrhaphy
suture of the tongue
150
hemorrhoidectomy
removal of hemorrhoids
151
hepatic lobectomy
removal of one or more lobs of the liver
152
ileostomy
creation of an opening into the ileum
153
liver biopsy
removal of a small amount of liver tissue to examine for disease
154
pancreatectomy
removal of the pancreas
155
paracentesis
incision into the abdominal cavity to remove fluid or relieve pressure
156
polypectomy
removal of polyps
157
proctoplasty
repair of the rectum and anus
158
antacid
agent that neutralizes stomach acid
159
antidiarrheal
agent that controls loose, watery stools
160
antiemetic
agent that prevents vomiting
161
antispasmodic
agent that controls intestinal tract spams
162
cathartic
agent that induces vomiting; also a strong laxative for emptying the bowels
163
laxative
agent that induces bowels to move in order to relieve constipation
