Ch15: endocrine system Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Adam’s apple
A
protrusion in the neck caused by a fold of thyroid cartilage
2
Q
adenohypophysis
A
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
3
Q
adrenal cortex
A
outer portion of the adrenal gland; helps control metabolism, inflammations, sodium and potassium retention, and effects of stress
4
Q
adrenal gland
A
one of 2 glands, each of which is situated on top of each kidney
5
Q
adrenaline
A
epinephrine; secreted by adrenal medulla
6
Q
adrenal medulla
A
inner portion of adrenal glands; releases large quantities of hormones during stress
7
Q
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
A
hormone secreted by anterior pituitary; involved in the control of the adrenal cortex
8
Q
aldosterone
A
hormone secreted by adrenal cortex; mineralocorticoid
9
Q
alpha cells
A
specialized cells that produce glucagon in the pancreas
10
Q
androgen
A
any male hormone, such as testosterone
11
Q
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A
posterior pituitary hormone that increases water reabsorption
12
Q
beta cells
A
specialized cells that produce insulin in the pancreas
13
Q
calcitonin
A
hormone secreted by the thyroid gland and other endocrine glands; helps control blood calcium levels
14
Q
catecholamines
A
hormones, such as epinephrine, released in response to stress
15
Q
corticosteroids
A
steroids produced by the adrenal cortex
16
Q
cortisol
A
hydrocortisone
17
Q
ductless gland
A
endocrine gland
18
Q
electrolyte
A
any substance that conducts electricity and is decomposed by it
19
Q
endocrine gland
A
gland that secretes substances into the blood stream instead of into ducts
20
Q
epinephrine
A
hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to stress adrenaline
21
Q
exocrine gland
A
any gland that releases substances through ducts to a specific
22
Q
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
A
hormone released by the anterior pituitary to aid in production of ova and sperm
23
Q
gland
A
any organized mass of tissue secreting or excreting substances
24
Q
glucagon
A
hormone released by the pancreas to increase blood sugar
25
glucocorticoids
hormones released by the adrenal cortex
26
glycogen
converted glucose stored in the liver for future use
27
growth hormone (GH)
hormone released by the anterior pituitary for stimulating growth
28
hormone
substance secreted by glands and carried in the bloodstream to various parts of the body
29
hypophysis
pituitary gland
30
hypothalamus
gland in the nervous system that releases hormones to aid in regulating pituitary hormones
31
inhibiting factor
substances in a hormone that prevents the secretion of other hormones
32
insulin
substance released by the pancreas to lower blood sugar
33
islets of Langerhans
specialized cells in the pancreas that release insulin and glucagon
34
isthmus
narrow band of tissue connecting the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland
35
luteinizing hormone (LH)
hormone released to aid in maturation of ova and ovulation in the female; and aids in the secretion of testosterone in males
36
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
hormone released by the pituitary gland; aids in development of melanin pigment of the skin
37
melatonin
hormone released by the pineal gland; affects sexual function and sleep patterns
38
metabolism
the chemical changes in cells that provide energy for vital processes and activities and through which new material is assimilated
39
mineralocorticoid
steroid secreted by adrenal cortex
40
neurohypophysis
posterior lobe of pituitary gland
41
norepinephrine
hormone secreted by adrenal medulla
42
ovary
one of 2 female reproductive glands that secrete hormones in the endocrine system
43
oxytocin
hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland to aid in uterine contractions and lactation
44
pancreas
gland of both the endocrine system (blood sugar control) and the digestive system (as an exocrine gland)
45
parathormone (PTH)
parathyroid hormone
46
parathyroid gland
one of 4 glands located adjacent to the thyroid gland on its dorsal surface that help maintain levels of blood calcium
47
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
hormone released by the parathyroid glands to help raise blood calcium levels
48
pineal gland
gland located above pituitary gland; secretes melatonin
49
pituitary gland
major endocrine gland; secretes hormones essential to metabolic functions
50
receptor
part of a target cells with properties compatible with a particular substance (hormone)
51
releasing factor
substance in a hormone that allows secretion of other hormones
52
somatotrophic hormone (STH)
hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland; important in growth and development
53
suprarenal gland
adrenal gland
54
sympathomimetic
mimicking functions of the sympathetic nervous system
55
target cell
cell with receptors that are compatible with specific hormones
56
testis, testicles
one of 2 male organs that secrete hormones in the endosystem
57
thymus gland
gland that is part of the immune system as well as part of the endocrine system; aids in the maturation of T and B cells
58
thyroid gland
gland with 2 lobes located on either side of the trachea; helps control blood calcium levels and metabolic functions
59
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland; stimulates release of thyroid hormones
60
thyroxine (T4)
compound found in or manufactured for thyroid gland; helps regulate metabolism
61
triiodothyronine (T3)
thyroid hormone that stimulates growth
62
vasopressin
hormone secreted by pituitary gland; raises blood pressure
63
blood sugar, blood glucose
test for glucose in blood
64
fasting blood sugar
test for glucose in blood following a fast of 12 hrs
65
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
blood test for body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates; taken after a 10-12 hour fast, then repeated every hour for 4-6 hours after ingestion of a sugar solution
66
glycosylated hemoglobin A1C
Blood test for an average of glucose levels over the previous 2-3 months
67
postprandial blood sugar
test for glucose in blood, 2 hours after a meal
68
radioactive immunoassay (RIA)
test for measuring hormone levels in plasma; taken after radioactive solution is ingested
69
radioactive iodine uptake
test for how quickly the thyroid gland pulls in ingested iodine
70
thyroid function test or study
test for levels of TSH, T3, and T4 in blood plasma to determine thyroid function
71
thyroid scan
imaging test for thyroid abnormalities
72
urine sugar
test for diabetes; determined by presence of sugar in urine
73
acidosis
abnormal accumulation of ketones in the body
74
acromegaly
abnormally enlarged features resulting from a pituitary tumor and hypersecretion of growth hormone
75
Addison's disease
underactivity of the adrenal glands
76
Cushing's disease
group of symptoms caused by overactivity of the adrenal glands
77
diabetes
type I diabetes, type II diabetes, Type III diabetes
78
diabetes insipidus
condition caused by hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
79
diabetes mellitus
Type I diabetes, Type II diabetes
80
diabetic nephropathy
kidney disease due to diabetes
81
diabetic neuropathy
loss of sensation in the extremities due to diabetes
82
diabetic retinopathy
gradual loss of vision due to diabetes
83
dwarfism
abnormally stunted growth caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone, congenital lack of a thyroid gland, or a genetic defect
84
exophthalmos
abnormal protrusion of the eyes typical of Graves' disease
85
gigantism
abnormally fast and large growth caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone
86
glucosuria
glucose in the urine
87
glycosuria
glucose in the urine
88
goiter
abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland
89
Graves' disease
overactivity of the thyroid gland
90
hirsutism
abnormal hair growth due to an excess of androgens
91
hyperadrenalism
overactivity of the adrenal glands
92
hyperparathyroidism
overactivity of the parathyroid glands
93
hypersecretion
abnormally high secretion, as from a gland
94
hyperthyroidism
overactivity of the thyroid gland
95
hypoadrenalism
underactivity of the adrenal glands
96
hypoglycemia
abnormally low level of glucose in the blood
97
hypoparathyroidism
underactivity of the parathyroid glands
98
hyposecretion
abnomally low secretion, as from a gland
99
hypothyroidism
underactivity of the thyroid gland
100
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
Type I diabetes
101
ketoacidosis
condition of high acid levels caused by the abnormal accumulation of ketones in the body
102
ketosis
condition caused by the abnormal release of ketones in the body
103
myxedema
advanced adult hypothyroidism
104
noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
type II diabetes
105
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
106
polydipsia
excessive thirst
107
polyuria
excessive excretion of urine, resulting in frequent urination
108
syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone
109
tetany
neurological syndrome, usually due to decreased serum levels of calcium in the blood
110
thyrotoxicosis
state of dangerously high levels of thyroid hormone
111
Type I diabetes
endocrine disorder with abnormally low or completely absent levels of insulin; also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
112
Type II diabetes
disease caused by failure of the body to recognize insulin that is present or by an abnormally low level of insulin; also known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM); usually adult onset
113
virilism
condition with excessive androgen production, often resulting in the appearance of mature male characteristics in young
114
adenectomy
removal of a gland
115
adrenalectomy
removal of an adrenal gland
116
hypophysectomy
removal of the pituitary gland. Also called hypophysis
117
pancreatectomy
removal of the pancreas
118
parathyroidectomy
removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands
119
thymectomy
removal of the thymus gland
120
thyroidectomy
removal of the thyroid
121
antihyperglycemic
agent that lowers blood glucose
122
antihypoglycemic
agent that raises blood glucose
123
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
ingestion of hormones to replace missing (or increase low levels of needed) hormones
124
human growth hormone
naturally occurring substance in the body that promotes growth; synthesized substance that serves the same function
125
hypoglycemic
agent that lowers blood glucose
126
radioactive iodine therapy
use of radioactive iodine to eliminate thyroid tumors
127
steroid
a hormone or chemical substance released by several endocrine glands or manufactured in various medications
