ch15

Question 1

population

Answer 1

group of organisms
same species
living, particular habitat

Question 2

habitat

Answer 2

location, organism live, reproduce

Question 3

community

Answer 3

all populations, organisms
living, interacting w/ one another
within particular habitat

Question 4

abiotic env

Answer 4

phys conditions affect habitat, community

i.e. pH

Question 5

ecosystem

Answer 5

all populations, comm.
interact w/ one another, w/ abiotic env

Question 6

non cyclical/linear nature of
energy flow

Answer 6

1. Sun radiate light energy
2. producers (i.e. plants absorb light energy,
   undergo photosynthesis, produce glucose
3. convert light energy -> chem potential energy, stored, glucose)
4. energy, producers, passed from one trophic lvl -> next via feeding
5. every trophic lvl, energy lost -> env as heat, cannot be used do work
6. flow of energy non-cyclical

() part varied to fit diff producers.

Question 7

producers

Answer 7

1. base of all food chain
2. autotrophic organisms, absorb energy, env
3. use energy synthesis organic nutrients from inorganic raw materials
4. convert absorbed energy -> chem potential energy stored in nutrient

Question 8

consumers

Answer 8

1. heterotrophic organism
2. obtain organic nutrients, energy from feeding, other organisms

Question 9

example of primary consumer/herbivore

Answer 9

caterpillar obtain starch, grazing on grass
energy from grass

obtain energy from grass

Question 10

consumers types

Answer 10

herbivore, ALL PRIMARY CONSUMERS
- feed on plant -> organic nutrients, energy

carnivore, SECONDARY CONSUMER OR HIGHER TROPHIC
- animal, feed on other animal -> organic nutrients, energy

Question 11

example of secondary consumer/carnivore

Answer 11

ladybirds
feed, aphids
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, energy

Question 12

decomposer

Answer 12

• heterotrophic organism -> organic nutrients,
• energy, from feeding on/metabolising dead organisms/faecal matter
• allows cycling of material, release co2 back into air, mineral salts like nitrates, magnesium -> soil/air

Question 13

food chain

Answer 13

linear sequence
illustrate feeding relationship
flow of materials, energy from 1 trophic lvl -> another

grass -> aphid -> spider -> bird

Question 14

trophic level

Answer 14

position, population of organisms occupies, food chain

Question 15

food web

Answer 15

2 or more food chain
interlinked
relationship btwn food chains

Question 16

how energy lost btwn trophic lvls, food chain

Answer 16

1. approx 10% energy passes from one trophic lvl -> other
2. 90% lost
   - heat energy, respiration, lost, body heat
   - trapped, uneaten material, bones
   - trapped, undigested material, cellulose, egested
   - molecules, metabolic waste products excreted
   - muscular contractions/active transport
3. food chains usually short, not enf energy, sustain higher trophic lvls

<4 links

Question 17

carbon sink

Answer 17

• natural reservoir, absorb more carbon than releases
• store carbon-containing compound, indefinite period, time

Question 18

forests as carbon sinks

Answer 18

• tree absorb co2, photosynthesis, form glucose
• glucose -> other carbon containing compounds, cellulose, starch, fats, amino acids, form protein
• carbon stored, biomass, trees
• animals obtain carbon-containing compounds, feeding, incorporate compounds -> biomass
• remains dead plants -> fossilise, fossil fuels

Question 19

oceans, carbon sinks

Answer 19

1. phytoplankton, algae absorb co2, photosynthesis form glucose
2. glucose -> other carbon containing compounds, cellulose, starch, fats, amino acids, form protein
3. carbon stored, biomass, phytoplankton, algae
4. larger marine animals -> carbon-containing compounds, feeding, incorporate compounds -> biomass
5. remains, dead marine parts fossilise -> fossil fuels
6. corals -> carbonate ions, calcium carbonate skeleton
7. shellfish -> carbonate ions synthesise shells

Question 20

carbon source

Answer 20

geographical areas, produces more co2, absorbs

e.g. land areas, deforestation -> farmlands, industrial parks

Question 21

what does carbon source cause

Answer 21

• higher rate, co2 production, from, combustion, respiration, decomposition, than co2 absorption, photosynthesis
• net increase, atmospheric co2 conc. , greenhouse gas -> global warming

Question 22

untreated sewage fertilisers causing water pollution

Answer 22

1. untreated sewage, fertilisers contain high lvls, nitrates, phosphates
2. nitrate, phosphates washed off, surface runoff -> nearby water bodies (eutrophication)
3. nitrate, phosphate stimulate, rapid algal growth
4. algal bloom cover surface, water body, reduce intensity, sunlight pentrate -> bottom, water body
5. prevent submerged plants, photosynthesising -> death
6. bacteria decompose, dead plant matter, use up dissolved o2, water, aerobic respiration
7. aquatic organisms die, lack of o2
8. biodiversity decrease

Question 23

how plastic wastes cause pollution

Answer 23

1. plastic waste non biodegradable -> cannot broken down, enzymes, less harmful susbtances i.e. water
   - plastic waste, landfills, leach harmful chemicals, groundwater, poison aquatic wildlife
   - plastic waste, sea, mistaken, food, choke marine animals
   - plastic waste break up -> microplastics, ingested, marine organisms, bioaccumulation, biomagnification, food chain
2. burning, plastics

Question 24

gases released from burning plastic

Answer 24

• greenhouse gases: co2, water vapor, nitrous oxide
• nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide

Question 25

**Gases released from burning plastic** g__ g__ harms

Answer 25

**greenhouse gases** **global warming** 1. melt ice sheets, destroy polar habitats, loss polar biodiversity 2. rise **seawater** temp, coral bleaching, loss intertidal biodiversity 3. rise sea lvls, flooding, **coastal region** ## Footnote co2, water vapor, nitrous oxide

Question 26

**Gases released from burning plastics** N__ d__, s__ d__

Answer 26

**nitrogen dioxide, suflur dioxide** 1. dissolve, rain -> acid rain 2. acidified, soil, river water, loss biodiversity, sensitive, pH 3. thinning, calcium carbonate struct -> loss, coral, shellfish, bird diversity

Question 27

biomagnification/ bioamplification

Answer 27

1. inorganic wastes, mercury, pesticides, non biodegradable, remain, water, vry long period, time 2. ingested animals, absorbed plants -> chemical not broken down, excreted, stored, fatty tissues, increase conc., cells over time (**bioaccumulation**) 3. chemicals, passed -> next trophic lvl, feeding 4. organisms, higher trophic lvls feed, large no, contaminated organisms, lifetime, conc. chemicals, body tissues, increase 5. bioamplification, conc. chemicals, body, organisms increases up trophic lvls 6. top consumers, accumulate highest conc. of chemicals, more likely exp toxic effects ## Footnote **bioaccumulation** -> cuz they eat more over time

Question 28

conservation

Answer 28

protection, preservation, natural resources, env

Question 29

**definition** 1. biodiversity 2. species richness 3. species abundance

Answer 29

1. measure, species richness, species abundance, specific area 2. species richness: no. of different species 3. species abundance: no. individuals, in each species

Question 30

need for conservation

Answer 30

1. natural scenery, wildlife, recreational, aesthetic appreciation 2. maintain biodiversity, prevent extinction, plant, animal species 3. mangrove forests, protect coastal regions, destructive waves, winds

Question 31

what are plant, animal species for

Answer 31

1. source, food 2. source, raw materials, various industries (timber for construction, pulp, paper making) 3. scientific value, research, drugs 4. maintain large gene pool, breeding, improve crops, agriculture

Question 32

conservation, restoration types

Answer 32

1. conservation, restoration, rainforests, mangroves 2. conservation, restoration, coral reefs, marine biodiversity

Question 33

**conservation, restoration types** r__, m__

Answer 33

**rainforests, mangroves** 1. limit logging, specific areas, rotate said areas, allow forest regenerate 2. prohibit logging, protected areas, forest reserves 4. forest fire prevention, control 5. education programmes, raise awareness, ecological svcs, habitats provide 6. reforestation, rehabitilation. - Plant native tree species, - connect forest patches -> reintroduce native animals

Question 34

**conservation, restoration types** c__ r__, m__ b__

Answer 34

**coral reefs, marine biodiversity** 1. avoid use, sunscreen, harmful corals 2. prohibit harvesting, purchase, corals 3. actively remove trash, coastline 4. implement fishing quotas, prevent overfishing 5. fish ranching, raise young fish hatcheries b4 release into wild 6. regulate mesh size, nets, prevent harvest juvenile fish 7. ban harvest, endangered species 8. prohibit fishing - specified seasons, allow fish populations regenerate - specified areas, marine reserves