- filter blood, forms urine - removes urea, excess water + mineral salts from bloodstream - important role in osmoregulation

ch8 remove Flashcards by Hing Chi Shan (Nchs)

define excretion

removal of metabolic waste products, toxic materials from body

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what is metabolism?

sum of all chemical reactions in body

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why must m___ w___ p___ be removed?

why must metabolic waste products be removed?
allowed to accumulate in high conc. -> may become toxic

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is the expulsion of faeces/defecation excretion?

Olevel Answer: No
Actual answer: Partially, what a troll.

explanation
Excretion: removal of metabolic waste products, toxic materials from __________

In faeces, most of it is cellulose and water, not metabolic waste products, BUT there is one: Bile.

Thus, it is in actuality, partially excretion! But in olvl just put no.

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Urinary System from Top to Bottom

Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

ureter: three letters, comes 1st
urethra four letters, comes 2nd

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Visualise Female Urinary System

pg10
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit

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Kidneys structure

pair of bean-shaped,
fist-sized organs

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Function of kidneys

filter blood, forms urine
removes urea, excess water + mineral salts from bloodstream
important role in osmoregulation

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ureter structure

pair of tubes, leads
from kidneys, to
urinary bladder

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ureter function

transports urine, from, kidney, urinary, bladder

**ONE kidney only

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urinary bladder structure

muscular, distensible organ

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urinary bladder function

stores urine temporarily

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urethra structure

tube, leads from urinary bladder -> external environment

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urethra function

transport urine from urinary bladder -> outside of body

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describe and explain ultrafiltration

efferent arteriole, narrower lumen, compared to afferent arteriole
generates, region of high hydrostatic blood pressure -> glomerulus
force small particles from glomerulus -> Bowman’s capsule
smaller particles like water, mineral salt ions, glucose, animo acids, urea small enf to pass through, forms glomelular filtrate

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do erythocytes, phagocytes, platelets, plasma pass from the B___’s C____ to form the g___ f____?

No.
Red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells, plasma too large, pass through, basement membrane (partially permeable)

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describe and explain selective reabsorption in the p___ c___ t___

all glucose, animo acids molecules reabsorbed into surrounding blood capillaries -> diffusion, active transport
most water molecules reabsorbed, osmosis
most mineral salts, reabsorbed, diffusion, active transport

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describe and explain selective reabsorption in the L___ o___ H____AND d____ c___ t____

some water molecules reabsorbed → surrounding blood capillaries by osmosis
some mineral salt ions reabsorbed → surrounding blood capillaries by active transport, diffusion
excess water molecules, mineral salt ions, most of urea pass through collecting duct → form urine to be excreted

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blood pump structure

mechanical pump

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blood pump function

generates force, pump blood, through apparatus

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what is inside heparin pump?

injectable anticoagulant

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what is heparin pump for (function)

LINK
heparin in heparin pump is an ANTICOAGULANT

What is it for?
prevent blood clotting in apparatus

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What does Skin, Lungs, Liver and Kidneys excrete respectively?

1 skin
- urea
- excess water
- excess salts

2 lungs
- carbon dioxide
- excess water

3 liver
- bile
- pigments

4 kidneys
- urea
- excess water
- excess salts

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what is the unique structure of the dialysis tube and membrane, which are part of the D_____?

Part of the Dialyser: Dialysis tube and membrane
- dialysis membrane partially permeable
- dialysis tubing long, highly coiled

what is the unique structure of the dialysis fluid?

- direction, flow, blood opposite -> dialysis fluid **flow** - dialysis fluid contain correct conc., glucose, animo acids, mineral salts, **blood plasma of patient** - no urea

renal artery or renal vein have cleaner blood?

renal vein. **Artery brings dirty blood (Away from the Heart)** **Vein brings clean blood (Towards the Heart)**

kidney tubules struct

- narrow - highly vascularised

# Describe all the blood vessels the blood flows to blood flow of blood from renal artery to vein

renal artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> capillaries -> venules -> renal vein

where does ultrafiltration happen in?

renal corpuscle | includes glomerulus, Bowman's Capsule

afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole - which one comes first? - which lumen is narrower?

**afferent** comes first (A and E) **efferent** lumen narrower

what is the P____ P____ D____ M___ for? (Structure of the Dialyser)

**Partially Permeable Dialysis Membrane** - allows urea to diffuse from blood -> dialysis fluid - retain erythocytes, plasma proteins in blood stream

What is d__ t__ l___, h____ c____ for? (Structure of the Dialyser)

**dialysis tubing long, highly coiled** increase SA:Vol Ratio, faster diffusion of urea out of bloodstream -> dialysis fluid

What is d___ o___ f___ o____ b____ o___ t___ t___ o___ d___ f___? What issit for??

**what is it:** direction of flow of blood opposite to that of dialysis fluid **what issit for:** counter current, **maintains steep conc. gradient of urea**, bloodstream, dialysis fluid increase rate of diffusion of urea from bloodstream -> dialysis fluid

label venules and capillaries in the following diagram https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 11

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 12

glomerulus adaptation

- high hydrostatic blood pressure **in glomerulus** - basement membrane ## Footnote previously forgot **in glomerulus** in TP!!

can urea pass through partially permeable membrane?

Yes

why d___ f___ c___ correct c___ of g___, a____, m___ s___ as b___- p___ of healthy person?

**LINK** Dialysis Fluid Contains Correct Concentration of Glucose, Animo Acids, Minerals Salts as blood plasma of healthy person **ANS** - prevent loss of nutrients, - replenish nutrient + mineral deficiencies,

what is bubble trap for?

**Remove** air bubble, bloodstream, prevent enter, obstruct bloodflow

What is the water bath for dialysis fluid? What is it for?

**What is the water bath** - warm water surrounding dialysis tubing **What is it for** - warms, maintains temp of 37deg celc, - prevent loss of heat from blood -> dialysis fluid

# where are the bubbles trapped? how to release the bubbles? Visualise bubble trap position and how it works

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 13

what causes kidney failure?

- diabetes

# which one defies gravity? visualise the countercurrent (b___ and d___ f___ flowing in opposite direction)

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 14

what causes fall in water potential of blood plasma?

dehydration/vigorous exercise

what receptor organ **detects fall/rise in water potential of blood plasma?**

hypothalamus

which gland is stimulated when receptor organ **detects fall/rise in water potential of blood plasma?**

pitutary gland

when water potential in blood plasma drops, what happens to p___ g___?

pitutary gland **stimulated** by hypothalamus, secrete **more** ADH

What is ADH transport medium

bloodstream ## Footnote **NOT RBC, NOT WBC NOT BLOOD PLASMA**

How is blood extracted during dialysis?

arterio-venous **graft**

ADH target effector organ

Kidney

Corrective Mechanism when there is fall of water potential in blood plasma

- increased permeability, walls of collecting duct -> water molecules - increased reabsorption, water from kidney tubules **into** **surrounding** blood capillaries **outcome**: production, smaller volume of conc. urine

kidney artery/vein

renal artery/vein

when water potential in blood plasma rises, what happens to p___ g___?

pitutary gland **suppressed** by hypothalamus, reduce secretion of ADH

Corrective mechanism when water potential of blood plasma is higher than normal

reduced permeabilty, walls of collecting duct -> water - reduced absorption -> water, from kidney tubules -> blood capillaries **outcome**: produce larger volume, dilute urine

What does corrective mechanism of kidney do?

**osmoregulation**, restores normal water potential, blood plasma

nephron vs kidney tubule

**Nephron**: - contains kidney tubule, glomerulus **kidney tubule** - rest of nephron except glomerulus

visualise where the hillus and the sphincter muscle is

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit Page 15

what is hillus?

concave depression where blood vessels connected to kidney

funct of Sphincter Muscle

- control exit of urine in bladder - relax: urine flow out urinary bladder via urethra ## Footnote vice versa is true. If Sphincter Muscle contracts, urine will be kept in the urethra

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did you know? Sweat and urine is formed from blood.