- filter blood, forms urine - removes urea, excess water + mineral salts from bloodstream - important role in osmoregulation

ch8 remove Flashcards by Hing Chi Shan (Nchs)

define excretion

removal of metabolic waste products, toxic materials from body

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what is metabolism?

sum of all chemical reactions in body

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why must m___ w___ p___ be removed?

why must metabolic waste products be removed?
allowed to accumulate in high conc. -> may become toxic

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is the expulsion of faeces/defecation excretion?

Olevel Answer: No
Actual answer: Partially, what a troll.

explanation
Excretion: removal of metabolic waste products, toxic materials from __________

In faeces, most of it is cellulose and water, not metabolic waste products, BUT there is one: Bile.

Thus, it is in actuality, partially excretion! But in olvl just put no.

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Urinary System from Top to Bottom

Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

ureter: three letters, comes 1st
urethra four letters, comes 2nd

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Visualise Female Urinary System

pg10
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit

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Kidneys structure

pair of bean-shaped,
fist-sized organs

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Function of kidneys

filter blood, forms urine
removes urea, excess water + mineral salts from bloodstream
important role in osmoregulation

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ureter structure

pair of tubes, leads
from kidneys, to
urinary bladder

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ureter function

transports urine, from, kidney, urinary, bladder

**ONE kidney only

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urinary bladder structure

muscular, distensible organ

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urinary bladder function

stores urine temporarily

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urethra structure

tube, leads from urinary bladder -> external environment

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urethra function

transport urine from urinary bladder -> outside of body

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describe and explain ultrafiltration

efferent arteriole, narrower lumen, compared to afferent arteriole
generates, region of high hydrostatic blood pressure -> glomerulus
force small particles from glomerulus -> Bowman’s capsule
smaller particles like water, mineral salt ions, glucose, animo acids, urea small enf to pass through, forms glomelular filtrate

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do erythocytes, phagocytes, platelets, plasma pass from the B___’s C____ to form the g___ f____?

No.
Red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells, plasma too large, pass through, basement membrane (partially permeable)

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describe and explain selective reabsorption in the p___ c___ t___

all glucose, animo acids molecules reabsorbed into surrounding blood capillaries -> diffusion, active transport
most water molecules reabsorbed, osmosis
most mineral salts, reabsorbed, diffusion, active transport

use NEPHRON

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describe and explain selective reabsorption in the L___ o___ H____AND d____ c___ t____

some water molecules reabsorbed → surrounding blood capillaries by osmosis
some mineral salt ions reabsorbed → surrounding blood capillaries by active transport, diffusion
excess water molecules, mineral salt ions, most of urea pass through collecting duct → form urine to be excreted

use NEPHRON, this process occurs in NEPHRON

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blood pump structure

mechanical pump

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blood pump function

generates force, pump blood, through apparatus

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what is inside heparin pump?

injectable anticoagulant

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what is heparin pump for (function)

LINK
heparin in heparin pump is an ANTICOAGULANT

What is it for?
prevent blood clotting in apparatus

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What does Skin, Lungs, Liver and Kidneys excrete respectively?

1 skin
- urea
- excess water
- excess salts

2 lungs
- carbon dioxide
- excess water

3 liver
- bile
- pigments

4 kidneys
- urea
- excess water
- excess salts

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what is the unique structure of the dialysis tube and membrane, which are part of the D_____?

Study These Flashcards

Part of the Dialyser: Dialysis tube and membrane
- dialysis membrane partially permeable
- dialysis tubing long, highly coiled

what is the unique structure of the dialysis fluid?

- direction, flow, blood opposite -> dialysis fluid **flow** - dialysis fluid contain correct conc., glucose, animo acids, mineral salts, **blood plasma of patient** - no urea

renal artery or renal vein have cleaner blood?

renal vein. **Artery brings dirty blood (Away from the Heart)** **Vein brings clean blood (Towards the Heart)**

kidney tubules struct

- narrow - highly vascularised

# Describe all the blood vessels the blood flows to blood flow of blood from renal artery to vein

renal artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> capillaries -> venules -> renal vein

where does ultrafiltration happen in?

renal corpuscle | includes glomerulus, Bowman's Capsule

afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole - which one comes first? - which lumen is narrower?

**afferent** comes first (A and E) **efferent** lumen narrower

what is the P____ P____ D____ M___ for? (Structure of the Dialyser)

**Partially Permeable Dialysis Membrane** - allows urea to diffuse from blood -> dialysis fluid - retain erythocytes, plasma proteins in blood stream

What is d__ t__ l___, h____ c____ for? (Structure of the Dialyser)

**dialysis tubing long, highly coiled** increase SA:Vol Ratio, faster diffusion of urea out of bloodstream -> dialysis fluid

What is d___ o___ f___ o____ b____ o___ t___ t___ o___ d___ f___? What issit for??

**what is it:** direction of flow of blood opposite to that of dialysis fluid **what issit for:** counter current, **maintains steep conc. gradient of urea**, bloodstream, dialysis fluid increase rate of diffusion of urea from bloodstream -> dialysis fluid

label venules and capillaries in the following diagram https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 11

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 12

glomerulus adaptation

- high hydrostatic blood pressure **in glomerulus** - basement membrane ## Footnote previously forgot **in glomerulus** in TP!!

can urea pass through partially permeable membrane?

Yes

why d___ f___ c___ correct c___ of g___, a____, m___ s___ as b___- p___ of healthy person?

**LINK** Dialysis Fluid Contains Correct Concentration of Glucose, Animo Acids, Minerals Salts as blood plasma of healthy person **ANS** - prevent loss of nutrients, - replenish nutrient + mineral deficiencies,

what is bubble trap for?

**Remove** air bubble, bloodstream, prevent enter, obstruct bloodflow

What is the water bath for dialysis fluid? What is it for?

**What is the water bath** - warm water surrounding dialysis tubing **What is it for** - warms, maintains temp of 37deg celc, - prevent loss of heat from blood -> dialysis fluid

# where are the bubbles trapped? how to release the bubbles? Visualise bubble trap position and how it works

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 13

what causes kidney failure?

- diabetes

# which one defies gravity? visualise the countercurrent (b___ and d___ f___ flowing in opposite direction)

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 14

what causes fall in water potential of blood plasma?

dehydration/vigorous exercise

what receptor organ **detects fall/rise in water potential of blood plasma?**

hypothalamus

which gland is stimulated when receptor organ **detects fall/rise in water potential of blood plasma?**

pitutary gland

when water potential in blood plasma drops, what happens to p___ g___?

pitutary gland **stimulated** by hypothalamus, secrete **more** ADH

What is ADH transport medium

bloodstream ## Footnote **NOT RBC, NOT WBC NOT BLOOD PLASMA**

How is blood extracted during dialysis?

arterio-venous **graft**

ADH target effector organ

Kidney

Corrective Mechanism when there is fall of water potential in blood plasma

- increased permeability, walls of collecting duct -> water molecules - increased reabsorption, water from kidney tubules **into** **surrounding** blood capillaries **outcome**: production, smaller volume of conc. urine

kidney artery/vein

renal artery/vein

when water potential in blood plasma rises, what happens to p___ g___?

pitutary gland **suppressed** by hypothalamus, reduce secretion of ADH

Corrective mechanism when water potential of blood plasma is higher than normal

reduced permeabilty, walls of collecting duct -> water - reduced absorption -> water, from kidney tubules -> blood capillaries **outcome**: produce larger volume, dilute urine

What does corrective mechanism of kidney do?

**osmoregulation**, restores normal water potential, blood plasma

nephron vs kidney tubule

**Nephron**: - contains kidney tubule, glomerulus **kidney tubule** - rest of nephron except glomerulus

visualise where the hillus and the sphincter muscle is

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit Page 15

what is hillus?

concave depression where blood vessels connected to kidney

funct of Sphincter Muscle

- control exit of urine in bladder - relax: urine flow out urinary bladder via urethra ## Footnote vice versa is true. If Sphincter Muscle contracts, urine will be kept in the urethra

urine vs bloodstream differences in composition

1. urine higher w.p., 2. urine no amino acid, glucose 3. urine higher conc. mineral salts 4. urine no plasma, platelets 5. urine no antibodies 6. urine higher conc. hormones

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did you know? Sweat and urine is formed from blood. (59 cards)