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homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

define homeostasis

A

maintainance, constant internal environment -> optimum for physiological processes in body

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2
Q

Besides arterioles

what else may vasodilate?

A

Arteries.
Muscular fibers allow vasodilation // constriction

capillaries cannot vasoconstrict/dilate, coz’ one-cell thick wall

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3
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

process
receptor detect, restoration, internal env. to norm, stimulate effector, reduce intensity -> homeostatic corrective mechanism

e.g. after ADH has done its work the negative feedback loop causes levels of ADH secreted to return back to normal

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4
Q

what is uric acid

A

urine excretory product

can write for urine excretory product.

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5
Q

define homeostasis [4]

A
  1. maintainance of constant internal env.
  2. self-regulatory process, receptor detects change in internal env. -> send signal effector organs -> corrective mechanism -> restore internal env. to norm
  3. when normal point acheived -> negative feedback
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6
Q

hormones are for homeostasis only. True or false?

A

False
- homeostasis
- reproduction
- metabolism

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7
Q

Define hormone. [4]

A
  • chemical substance
  • produce by endocrine gland
  • secrete in minute quantities directly -> bloodstream, transported by bloodstream to one/more effector organs
  • hormone exerts it’s effect -> destroyed in liver to prevent excessive stimulation of effector organs

composition: protein, fats

substance
production
transport
excretion/how get rid of

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8
Q

all hormones are protein. True or false?

A

False
- some protein
- some fatty in nature

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9
Q

characteristics of endocrine gland

A

ductless gland;
secrete hormones directly into bloodstream

not all hormones are secreted by endocrinal glands.

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10
Q

enzyme v. hormones

A

enzymes
- increase rate of biochemical reaction

hormones
- chemical substance
(produce endocrine gland)
- targets effector organ

not all hormones are secreted by endocrinal glands.

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11
Q

2 conditions that anything needs to maintain homeostasis

A
  • body must be able to detect changes
  • set in place series of actions -> regulate, return internal env. of body to ideal state

not so fun fact about keywords
- ideal state: no need define anything
- normal conc.: must define what “normal” is -> e.g. concentration in a healthy person?

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12
Q

2 systems that play cruicial roles in homeostasis for humans

A
  • hormonal
  • nervous
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13
Q

two parts of nervous system + their parts

A
  • Central Nervous System (brain+spinal cord)
  • Periphial Nervous System (cranial, spinal nerves, sense organs)
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14
Q

what is the function of nervous system

A

co-ordinate, regulate bodily funct.

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15
Q

what is stimulus

A

any change in internal/external env. -> elicits response from organism

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16
Q

where are cranial and spinal nerves located?

A

cranial: near brain
spinal: near spine

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17
Q

what is voluntary action?

A

deliberate action, elicit by nerve impulses, generated by brain under conscious control

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18
Q

which organ detects blood glucose levels above/below norm?

A

pancreas

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19
Q

4 examples of endocrine gland

A
  • pitutary
  • ovaries
  • testes
  • islets of Langerharn
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20
Q

what is reflex action?

A

immediate response -> specific stimulus, w/o conscious control

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21
Q

voluntary action and reflex action similarities

A
  • involve effector carry out action
  • transmission of nerve impulses within nervous system
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22
Q

voluntary action and reflex action differences

A

Voluntary:
- neurons in brain generate nerve impulses
- Under conscious control

Involuntary:
- receptors in sense organ generate nerve impulses
- need stimulus

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23
Q

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 17

fill in the blanks

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 18

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24
Q

no need label

visualise 1 sensory neuron, 1 relay neuron and 1 motor neuron as well as direction of nervous impulses

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 19

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25
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 20 fill the blanks
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 21
26
where are sensory neurons found at?
sense organs, receptors generate nerve impulse
27
where are relay neurons found at?
Spinal cord, brain
28
where are motor neurons found at?
motor end plate - NOT effector - where axon terminal interacts w/ muscle fibre ## Footnote - Only use of neurons where the action is reflex/not purely endocrinal **e.g. ADH secretion there is no nervous system involved**
29
how does pain lead to an action? explain with the nervous system
- (receptor) in (sensory organ) detect (stimulus/change in ext. environment), generate nerve impulses - nerve impulses transmit **along sensory neurone** -> (CNS) -> pass across synapse -> relay neurone - another synapse -> motor neurone, that transmits nerve impulses from (CNS) to (effector) - at same time, nerve impulses transmitted via relay neurone -> brain, **allow perception of pain** - (muscles/glands) (contract/secrete (hormone)) causing (action) ## Footnote **keyword stuff** nerve impulses are transmitted along **neurones**, nerve impulses travel across **synapses** **TAKE NOTE** - BULLET PT 4 ONLY IF HAVE PAIN!! - Pain is together w/ motor neurone nerve impulse - All brackets have to be filled based on context - Endocrinal glands **do not** use any nervous signals (i.e. pitutary gland secrete ADH directly into bloodstream, **no nervous signals involved in ADH secretion**)
30
types of receptors
**common**: osmo, thermo, pain **others**: photo,baro,chemo
31
e.g. qn: Describe and explain what happens when a pin pricks the hand
- pain receptors in skin detect pin prick, generate nerve impulses - nerve impulses, transmit **along sensory neurone** -> spinal cord -> **pass across synapse** -> relay neurone - another synapse -> motor neurone, that transmits nerve impulses from spinal cord -> **effector** muscles in arm - **at same time, nerve impulses transmit via relay neurone -> brain, allow perception of pain** - biceps contract -> hand move away from pin ## Footnote nerve impulses are transmitted along **neurones**, nerve impulses travel across **synapses**
32
how to decide if relay neurone transmit signal to which CNS?
above neck i.e. eye: brain below neck: spinal cord osmo/thermo: **ALWAYS HYPOTHALAMUS** ## Footnote when is brain **and** spinal cord involved? - draw it out - if the effector is below head it requires a relay neurone
33
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit what tissue/organ is this? (page 22)
spinal cord
34
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit (page 23) label all
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit (page 24)
35
how does nerve impulses travel from skin to effector when **surface** temp. increase?
1. thermoreceptors, skin detect increase temperature generate nerve impulse 2. **transmit** along sensory neuron ->**spinal cord,** pass across synapse -> relay neuron 3. Nerve impulses **transmit** along relay neurone -> **hypothalamus** 4. **hypothalamus** **elicits THERMOREGULATIVE corrective mechanism**, generate nerve impulse 5. nerve impulse **transmit along RELAY NEURON down spinal cord** 6. where it passes across synpase, motor neurone, trasmit nerve impulses, **down** spinal cord -> **effector tissues**, skin | **effector glands** = secrete hormones **directly into bloodstream** ## Footnote torturous = pain receptor page 36 https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit?tab=t.0
36
corrective mechanism + negative feedback loop when its too **hot**
**Arterioles** **under skin** -> a. undergo vasodilation -> increase blood flow in capillaries near surface of skin -> increase **heat loss** via **c, c, r** b. Sweat glands become **more active** , secrete **more sweat** -> more water **evaporates from surface of skin**, remove latent heat **of** vaporisation. **decrease** skin temp. -> normal, **stimulates** hypothalamus, reduce intensity, thermoregulation **corrective mechanism** thru **negative feedback loop** | c, c, r -> conduction, convection, radiation ## Footnote Negative Feedback: **process** receptor detect, restoration, internal env. to **norm**, stimulate effector, reduce intensity -> **homeostatic corrective mechanism**
37
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 25
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 26
38
what is the receptor that detects a rise/fall in core temperature?
thermoreceptors (hypothalamus)
39
what is receptor that detects a rise/fall in shell temperature?
thermoreceptors (skin)
40
what is CNS of thermoreception
hypothalamus
41
Nerve impulses medium of transport
neurones ## Footnote british spelling **neurones** example of neurones: sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone
42
**specific** effectors that nerve impulses reach when its too cold ## Footnote **specific** effectors are the named ones, not the vague ones like "effector tissue"
- skeletal muscles (shivering) - skin
43
# think of the effectors when its too cold first corrective mechanism + negative feedback loop when its too **cold**
**Arterioles** **under skin** -> a. vasoconstrict -> decrease blood flow in capillaries near surface skin -> decrease **heat loss** via **c, c, r** b. Hair erector muscles, contract, **body** hair **stand on ends**, trap layer (air, poor conductor heat), reduce heat loss, **c,c** Skeletal muscles -> **shivering** (**uncontrolled** muscle contractions) increased rate, respiration more heat released (**by-product**)
44
example of hormone-coordinated homeostasis
ADH coordinate osmoregulation
45
example of endocrinal gland and it's function
ovaries - ductless; - secrete oestrogen, progesterone **directly** -> bloodstream - effector, uterine lining, **coordinate changes, menstrual cycle** ## Footnote **add o behind, its british spelling.**
46
what is diabetes mellitus? [2]
- **disease**, body unable regulate blood glucose conc within normal **limits** - unstored excess glucose, excreted -> **urine** ## Footnote essentially its diabetes
47
Type 1 Diabetes risk factors, what happens to body when someone has it
**risk** - genetic factors **what happens** - islets of Langerharns, unable produce enough **functional** insulin
48
treatment/ways to cope with type 1 diabetes
- keep ready supply, sugary food - insulin injections
49
Type 2 Diabetes risk factors, what happens to body when someone has it
**risk** - genetic predisposition - high caloric diet, lacking exercise worsens **what happens to body** - effector cells, insensitive (insulin), continuously higher than norm blood glucose conc. ## Footnote define **predisposition** higher tendency to act a certain way
50
type 1 vs type 2 diabetes differences
**type1** - early-onset diabetes - genetic **condition** **type2** - late-onset diabetes - genetic predeposition - high **caloric** diet, lack exercise worsen
51
Type 2 diabetes treatment
control blood sugar levels, dieting, exercising
52
what stimulus can cause rise in blood glucose levels?
carbohydrate-rich meal
53
what stimulus can cause fall in blood glucose levels?
vigorous exercise starvation
54
what receptor detects rise/fall in blood glucose levels?
pancreas
55
what is the endocrinal gland that acts when blood glucose level is low/high? what does it secrete?
**pancreas** high: **in**sulin low: gluca**gon** ## Footnote **in**: glucose in **gon**: glycogen gone
56
what are the effector organs of insulin? | -
- liver - muscles
57
what are corrective mechanisms for?
restore () to norm
58
what is the corrective mechanism when high blood glucose levels?
- target cells increase uptake, glucose - glucose -> glycogen - increase rate, cellular respiration
59
what is the corrective mechanism when low blood glucose levels?
- convert glycogen -> glucose - gluconeogenesis - release glucose -> bloodstream
60
hormones vs nervous (signal involved)
- **nerve impulses** - hormones ## Footnote **nervous bold** hormone non bold
61
hormones vs nervous (nature of signal)
- **electrical** - chemical ## Footnote **nervous bold** hormone non bold
62
hormones vs nervous (means of transmission)
- **via neurones** - via bloodstream ## Footnote **nervous bold** hormone non bold
63
hormones vs nervous (rate of response)
- **fast** - slower ## Footnote **nervous bold** hormone non bold
64
hormones vs nervous (range of effect)
- **located, specific organ/tissues** - widespread (multiple organs/systems) ## Footnote **nervous bold** hormone non bold
65
hormones vs nervous (voluntary/involuntary)
- **voluntary/involuntary** - involuntary ## Footnote **nervous bold** hormone non bold
66
hormones vs nervous (length of effect)
- **short lived** - short lived(e.g. insulin)/long-term (growth hormones) ## Footnote **nervous bold** hormone non bold
67
hormones vs nervous all differences
- signal involved - nature of signal - means of transmission of signal - rate of response - range of effect - control - length of effect ## Footnote use this card to recall all
68
can spinal cord elicit voluntary action
nope lol.
69
where are relay neurones found?
- CNS - from bottom of spinal cord to brain
70
what kind of action is it called if your receptors is involved but not life-threatening?
response action
71
what does brain do to make meaning out of stuff
- process nerve impulse
72
brain diagram https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit?tab=t.0 page 1 **scroll down for ans**
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit?tab=t.0 page 1, scroll down

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