Ch.15 Flashcards
1
Q
Gland
A
Aden/o
2
Q
Adrenal gland
A
Adren/o
3
Q
To secrete
A
Crin/o
4
Q
Sex gland
A
Gonad/o
5
Q
To set in motion
A
Hormon/o
6
Q
Sweetbread, pancreas
A
Pancreat/o
7
Q
Kidney
A
Ren/o
8
Q
Shield, thyroid
A
Thry/o
9
Q
Resembling a shield, thyroid
A
Thyroid/o
10
Q
The _______________ works hand in hand with the nervous system to regulate body functions
A
Endocrine system
11
Q
The primary organs of the endocrine system are
A
Pituitary gland
thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Two adrenal glands
Gonads
Pancreatic
12
Q
The primary organs of the endocrine system include the _____________, which attached to the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, ____________ in the neck, the ______________ embedded within the thyroid gland, the two _______________ located above each kidney, the ______________ within the pancreas, and the ______________, which include the ovaries of the female and testes of the male
A
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreatic islets
Gonads
13
Q
The primary role of the endocrine system is to manage ______________, a state in which the body’s equilibrium is maintained. Instead of regulating body activities with rapid nerve impulses, the endocrine organs secrete chemicals called _______________ that are carried by the bloodstream
A
Homeostasis
Hormone
14
Q
Endocrine disease results from either abnormally high hormone production, called _________________, or abnormally low hormone production, called _____________
A
Hypersecretion
Hyposecretion
15
Q
The treatment of endocrine diseases is a focused discipline within medicine, called _____________
A
Endocrinology
16
Q
Outside, away from
A
Ex-
17
Q
Excessive, over, many
A
Poly-
18
Q
A solution or substance with a pH less then 7
A
Acid/o
19
Q
Extremity
A
Acr/o
20
Q
Thirst
A
Dips/o
21
Q
Hairy
A
Hirsut/o
22
Q
Ketone
A
Ket/o
23
Q
Eye
A
Ophthalm/o
24
Q
Condition of
A
-ia, -osis
25
Condition or disease
-ism
26
Abnormally large
-megaly
27
Plural
-s
28
Pertaining to urine, urination
-uria
29
The sign of excess acid in the body is therefore known as ____________
-Occurs when carbon dioxide, the primary waste product from cellular metabolism accumulates in tissues (including blood) to form carbonic acid
Acidosis
30
A sign of bone structure enlargement in an adult without a gain in height is known as ____________
-The enlargement causes disfigurement of growth hormone from the pituitary gland during adulthood
Acromegaly (GH)
31
The abnormal protrusion of the eyes is known as ______________
-It is a classic sign of excessive activity of the thyroid gland
Exophthalmos
32
A common sign of thyroid gland disease is a swelling on the anterior side of the neck in the location of the thyroid gland, known as a _____________
-Is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by a tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or an infection
Goiter
33
A symptom of excessive body hair in a masculine pattern is known as ____________
Hirsutism
34
When hirsutism occurs in women, it is caused by the hypersecretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex. Excessive production of androgens in women may also lead to muscle and bone growth. The resulting pattern of masculinization is known as ___________
Adrenal virilism
35
A ketone body is a waste substance produced when cells are unable to metabolize carbohydrates. The condition called ________________ is an excessive amount of ketone bodies in the blood and urine and is a sign of unmanaged diabetes mellitus and starvation
-Also called ______________
Ketosis
Ketoacidosis
36
An abnormal state of excessive thirst occurs during certain disorders of the pituitary gland or the pancreas, including diabetes mellitus and is called ______________
Polydipsia
37
_____________ is a symptom of pituitary gland disease that arises when the hormone ADH is not produced normally
-It is the production of abnormally large volumes of urine
Polyuria
38
Within
Endo-
39
Excessive, abnormally high, above
Hyper-
40
Deficient, abnormally low, below
Hypo-
41
Alongside, abnormal
Para-
42
Gland
Aden/o
43
Adrenal gland
Adren/o
44
Calcium
Calc/i, calc/o
45
Cancer
Carcin/o
46
To secrete
Crin/o
47
Sweet, sugar
Glyc/o
48
Sex gland
Gonad/o
49
Mucus
Myx/o
50
Sweetbread, pancreas
Pancreat/o
51
Shield, thyroid
Thyr/o
52
Resembling a shield, thyroid
Thyroid/o
53
Pertaining to
-al
54
Condition of blood
-emia
55
Condition or disease
-ism
56
Inflammation
-itis
57
Abnormally large
-megaly
58
Tumor
-oma
59
Condition of
-osis
60
Disease
-pathy
61
Abnormal reduction in number, deficiency
-penia
62
A malignant tumor that arises from epithelial tissue to form a glandular or glandlike pattern of cells is called an ______________________
-Is a life-threatening form of cancer
-It often develops from a benign tumor of glandular cells, known as an ____________
Adenocarcinoma
Adenoma
63
Adrenal gland failure leads to several disorders, some of which are due to genetic errors.
-For example, an inflammation of the adrenal gland is called ______________. Clinically, it is known as _______________, in which one form is believed to be the result of a genetically based autoimmunity (the body's own white blood cells attack the organ).
-____________________ reduces the body's ability to manage stress and infection
-Another dysfunction of the adrenal gland is _______________. It caused by a genetic error resulting in a missing enzyme, and in women, it may cause virilism.
Adrenalitis
Adrenal insufficiency
Adrenal insufficiency
Adrenal hyperplasia
64
Adrenal hyperplasia may also be called _____________
Adrenomegaly
65
A child suffering from the thyroid gland's inability to produce normal levels of growth hormone at birth may develop the condition called ______________
-Formerly known as ________________, this condition results in reduced mental development and physical growth
Congenital hypothyroidism
66
A ______________ is a disease involving multiple organs that causes an array of symptoms
Syndrome
67
A syndrome caused by excessive secretion of the hormone cortisol by the adrenal cortex and affecting many organs is called _____________
-It is characterized by obesity, moon (round) face, hyperglycemia, and muscle weakness
-A common cause of this is an adenoma of the adrenal cortex
Cushing syndrome
68
_____________ is caused by hyposecretion of ADH by the pituitary gland.
-This disease is characterized by the symptoms of polydipsia and polyuria
Diabetes insipidus (DI)
69
____________ is a result of resistance of body cells to insulin, or a deficiency or complete lack of insulin production by cells of the pancreas
-Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
70
____________, which is less common, usually requires hormone replacement therapy with insulin and appears during childhood or adolescence.
- It may also be referred to as ______________
Diabetes mellitus type 1
Insulin-dependent diabetes
71
______________ usually appears during adulthood and is often associated with obesity
-Can be managed with dietary restrictions and regular exercise, and usually with some assistance from oral antidiabetic drugs
Diabetes mellitus type 2
non-insulin-dependent diabetes
72
If unmanaged, diabetes mellitus causes large fluctuations in blood sugar levels, resulting in circulatory deficiencies that result in cerebrovascular disease leading to heart failure or stroke, kidney damage called ____________ leading to kidney failure, and damage to the eyes called_______________ that leads to blindness
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic retinopathy
73
The general term for a disease of the endocrine system is _________
-In most cases, it is the result of either an excessive production of one or more hormones by an endocrine gland or deficient production of one or more hormones
Endocrineopathy
74
Excessive activity of one or more adrenal glands is the disease called ___________
-In time, it produces the symptoms that characterize _____________
Hyperadrenalism
Cushing syndrome
75
Occurs when the adrenal gland activity becomes abnormally reduced, resulting in the early symptoms of fatigue and darkening of the skin. Called ___________
-It may lead to a chronic form called __________ if left untreated
Hypoadrenalism
Addison's disease
76
When calcium levels in the blood become abnormally high, the disease is known as _____________
-It is a result of the abnormal release of calcium from bones, which leads to softening of the bones if left untreated
-Caused by excessive activity of the parathyroid glands, in which too much parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted
Hypercalcemia
77
The condition of abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood is called ____________ and is also called _____________
-It is caused by the abnormally low activity of the parathyroid glands, which produce insufficient PTH
Hypocalcemia
Calcipenia
78
___________ often indicates the body may not be producing enough insulin or insulin receptor sites are resistant, resulting in the buildup of glucose in the blood as a characteristic of diabetes mellitus
Hyperglycemia
79
In ______________, blood sugar levels fall to abnormally low levels
-It is caused by excessive insulin administration or excessive production by the pancreas and is often accompanied by headache, malaise (weakness), tremors, hunger, and anxiety
-Can lead to coma and death if not treated
Hypoglycemia
80
The excessive production of PTH by the parathyroid glands is a disorder known as ________________
-Usually caused by a tumor, it results in excessive calcium levels in the blood, or hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism
81
In __________________, PTH levels are reduced and the condition of hypocalcemia occurs
Hypoparathyroidism
82
Excessive activity of the thyroid gland produces abnormally high levels of thyroid hormone in the disease _______________, which accelerates metabolism
Hyperthyroidism
83
One form of chronic hyperthyroid ism, called _____________, is believed to be an autoimmune disease
-Another form, known as _______________, is an acute event that is triggered by infection or trauma and can become life-threatening
Graves' disease
Thyrotoxicosis
84
When thyroid gland activity becomes deficient, thyroid hormone blood levels drop below normal in the disease called ______________
Hypothyroidism
85
The most common cause of hypothyroidism is the autoimmune disorder in which the thyroid gland comes under attack by the body's own immune response, called _____________
Hashimoto's disease
86
In the chronic form of hypothyroidism is known as _____________, the subcutaneous layer beneath the skin becomes thick and hard, and the body retains water, aging the skin prematurely while puffing the face and thickening the tongue and hands
Myxedema
87
In the disease _____________, abnormally amounts of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are produced by the pituitary gland, which reduces the production of the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen/progesterone
-Also known as _________________, it results in reduced sexual interest and reproductive capacity
-If it occurs before puberty, the gonads (male testes and female ovaries) fail to develop, resulting in the failure of secondary sexual characteristics to form during adolescence such as body hair, muscle and bone growth (if male), or breasts (if female)
Hypogonadism
Pituitary hypogonadism
88
Inflammation of the pancreas is a disorder known as ____________
-Often results in a deficient production of insulin, which leads to hyperglycemia
-May be an acute reaction to infection or trauma or a chronic condition resulting in progressive pancreatic failure, both of which can become life-threatening
Pancreatitis
89
In ________________, the pituitary growth hormone is deficient at birth, resulting in short stature
Pituitary dwarfism
90
An abnormally high production of pituitary growth hormone before adulthood results in __________________, and if it occurs after adulthood has begun, it results in ______________
Pituitary gigantism
Acromegaly
91
92
Within
Endo-
93
Alongside, abnormal
Para-
94
Adrenal gland
Adren/o
95
To secrete
Crin/o
96
Shield, thyroid
Thyr/o
97
Resembling a shield, thyroid
Thyroid/o
98
Pertaining to
-al
99
Surgical excision, removal
-ectomy
100
One who studies
-logist
101
Study or science of
-logy
102
Tumor
-oma
103
Incision, to cut
-tomy
104
A procedure involving the surgical excision, or removal, of one or both of the adrenal glands is known as _____________
-May be necessary if hormone therapy fails to correct hyperadrenalism
Adrenalectomy
105
A physician specializing in the study and treatment of endocrine disorders is known as an _____________
Endocrinologist
106
In a procedure called __________________, blood sugar levels are measured after a 12-hour fast
Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
107
In a ________________________ exam, blood sugar levels are measured about 2 hours after a meal
Postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)
108
A test that may be used to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus examines a patient's tolerance of glucose. Known as a ________________, the patient is given glucose either orally or intravenously, then at times interval blood samples are taken and glucose levels measured and recorded
-Large fluctuations of blood sugar confirm the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
109
A failure of an endocrine gland to produce sufficient level of a hormone, or hypersecretion, can have a serious impact on health. A common therapy to counteract hyposecretion is called ___________________
-Synthetic hormones or extracted hormones may be used in this
-May also be used following the surgical removal of an endocrine gland to restore homeostasis
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
110
The surgical removal, or excision, of a parathyroid gland may be a treatment for parathyroid cancer, called ________________, or ____________________
-The procedure is called _________________
Parathyroidoma
Hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroidectomy
111
In the diagnostic procedure known as _______________, radioactive iodine is used to track and measure its entry into thyroid gland cells with a scanning instrument
Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)
112
Because the thyroid gland is the only organ of the body that uptakes iodine, an effective treatment against a thyroid tumor, or thyroidoma, is the use of ________________
-Called _________________, the radioactive iodine targets cells within the thyroid gland and destroys them
Radioactive iodine
Radioiodine therapy
113
A procedure measuring thyroid function is called a _____________, during which an image of the thyroid gland is obtained
Thyroid scan
114
The surgical removal of the thyroid gland is called ____________
-A _______________ is a procedure in which the thyroid gland is surgically entered
Thyroidectomy
Thyroidotomy
115
The thyroid gland may also be evaluated for disease using ultrasound and the procedure is called _______________
Thyroid ultrasonography
116
In some cases, the parathyroid glands must be surgically removed with the thyroid gland. This procedure is called ______________
Thyroparathyroidectomy
117
Thyroxine is one of several hormones produced by the thyroid gland. It regulates glucose metabolism and cell division in most cells of the body. A diagnostic test measuring thyroxine levels in the blood is simply called a ___________________
Thyroxine test
