Ch.6 Flashcards by Jenna McCarty

Joint

Arthr/o, articul/o

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Purse or sac, bursa

Burs/o

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Wrist

Carp/o

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Cartilage

Chondr/o

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Knuckle of a joint

Condyl/o

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Rib

Cost/o

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Skull, cranium

Cran/o, crani/o

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Fascia

Fasci/o

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Thigh, femur

Femor/o

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Fibula

Fibul/o

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Flank, hip, groin, ilium of the pelvis

Ili/o

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Haunch, hip joint, ischium

Ischi/o

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Meniscus

Menisc/o

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Muscle

Muscul/o, my/o, myos/o

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Bone marrow

Myel/o

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Straight

Orth/o

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Bone

Oste/o

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Wall

Pariet/o

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Patella

Patell/o

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Child

Ped/o

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Stone

Petr/o

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Phalanges

Phalang/o

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Growth

Phys/o

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Pubis

Pub/o

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Radius

Radi/o

Sacred, sacrum

Sacr/o

Skeleton

Skelet/o

Vertebra

Spondyl/o

Chest, sternum

Stern/o

Synovial

Synov/o, synovi/o

Tarsal bone

Tars/o

Stretch, tendon

Ten/o, tendon/o

Vertebra

Vertebr/o

How many bones are in the body?

206

The bones and muscles work together to support the body and produce body ____________

movement

The muscles and bones come together to form what system?

Musculoskeletal system

Muscles are attached to bones by way of tough, dense bands of connective tissue

Tendons

Are bands of dense connective tissue, but they extend from bone to bone to stabilize and strengthen joints

Ligaments

Each __________ is an organ, composed mainly of skeletal muscle tissue and connective tisue

Muscle

Joints are organs of the musculoskeletal system too and include

Knee, elbow, shoulder, and hip

The ______________ produced by the muscle contraction is mainly determined by the type of joint between the opposing bones

Range of motion (ROM)

Shock absorbing fluid

Synovial fluid

The joints of the body allowing the greatest ROM, such as the shoulder and knee, are known as ______________ because they are filled with a shock absorbing fluid called __________

Synovial joints Synovial fluid

The diseases of the skeletal muscular systems are often the result of physical injury but can also be caused y infections, tumor development, endocrine disease, and inherited disorders. The branch of medicine focusing on these diseases is known as __________. whihc is commonly abbreviated to ____________.

Orthopedics Ortho

A physician specializing in this field of medicine is called an ___________

Orthopedist

Without, absence of

A-

Slow

Brady-

Bad, abnormal, painful, difficult

Dys-

Excessive, abnormally high, above

Hyper-

Joint

Arthr/o

Motion

Kinesi/o

Muscle

My/o

Reaction to a stimulus, movement

Tax/o

Stretch, tendon

Ten/o

Development

Troph/o

Singular

-a

Condition of pain

-algia, -dynia

Condition of

-ia

process of

-y

-Condition of joint pain -Is often the first symptom of joint or bone disease -Is also common complaint following injury to a joint

Arthralgia

-Is the inability to coordinate muscles during a voluntary activity - Is a sign of a nervous system disorder, often inherited, that results in a loss of muscle coordination

Ataxia

Stabilizing a broken limb by casting it in plaster is a common treatment for bone fractures. It prohibits movement of the limb to promote the healing process. Unfortunately, the lack of movement leads to a reduction in muscle strength due to disuse, a sign of reduced muscle size known as

Atrophy

-Condition of slow motion -An abnormally slow movement is a clinical sign of an underlying bone, muscle, or nervous disorder

Bradykinesia

-The abnormal reduction of calcium in bone is a clinical sign of ______ -Is often caused by a hormonal disorder upsetting the calcium balance between the bloodstream and bone -Can be treated with a combination of hormonal therapy, a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and mild exercise

Decalcification

Condition of bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult motion

Dyskinesia

A general symptom of progressive muscle weakness that results from a genetic mutation is often called a ___________

Dystrophy

The progressive muscle weakness is a common symptom of nine known forms of the disease, most of which appear during early childhood and are collectively called

Muscular dystrophies

The sign of excessive muscle growth or development is known as

Hypertrophy

During strenuous exercise, muscle cell activity may exceed the capacity of the cell to obtain and use oxygen debt during metabolism. When this occurs, the resulting "oxygen debt" will cause the cell to metabolize without oxygen, resulting in the buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue. Because lactic acid causes muscle pain, a common symptom of strenuous exercise is __________

Myalgia

-Tendon pain, or _________, is a common symptom of "weekend athletes": people who work inactive jobs during the workweek and become very active on their days off -The symptom of this usually indicates minor injury to one or more tendons, often lasting weeks or months

Tenodynia

Without, absence of

A-

Upon, over, above, on top

Epi-

Alongside, abnormal

Para-

Excessive, over, many

Poly-

Four

Quadri-

Crooked

Ankyl/o

Joint

Arthr/o

Purse or sac, bursa

Burs/o

Cancer

Carcin/o

Wrist

Carp/o

Cartilage

Chondr/o

Knuckle of a joint

Condyl/o

Fiber

Fibr/o

Hump

Kyph/o

White

Leuk/o

Stone

Lith/o

Bent forward

Lord/o

Meniscus

Menisc/o

Muscle

My/o, myos/o

Bone marrow

Myel/o

Bone

Oste/o

Hole

Por/o

Flesh, meat

Sarc/o

Curved

Scoli/o

Vertabra

Spondyl/o

Synovial

Synov/o, synovi/o

Stretch, tendon

Ten/o, tendon/o

Condition of pain

-algia

Weakness

-asthenia

Hernia, swelling, protrusion

-cele

Condition of blood

-emia

Origin, cause

-genesis

Inflammation

-itis

Softening

-malacia

Tumor

-oma

Condition of

-osis

Formation, growth

-plasia

Paralysis

-plegia

Drooping

-ptosis

Is a condition characterized by abnormally short limbs and stature

Dwarfism

A disease that causes dwarfism is

Achondroplasia

-Joints are abnormally stiff and movement is difficult -__________ is the abnormal adhesion of two bones, which damages the joint structure between them -When the condition affects two or more bones of the vertebral column to cause a rigid spine, it is called ___________

Ankylosis Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)

The general disorder resulting in inflammation and degeneration of a joint

Arthritis

Two forms of arthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Is a common condition as people age, in which the joint structures become worn over time and are gradually replaced by bone

Osteoarthitis

Is an autoimmune disease, in which joint structures become eroded by the action of the body's own white blood cells

Rheumatoid arthritis

In this joint disease, the articular cartilage within synovial joints undergoes inflammation, resulting in joint pain during movement -Is usually a temporary condition caused by a localized infection

Arthrochondritis

-Is an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe -Is caused by an inflammation of a bursa near the big toe

Bunion

Inflammation of a bursa

Bursitis

A calcium deposit within a bursa

Bursolith

People working at computer stations for extended periods of time increase their risk of a repetitive stress injury of the wrist. Commonly known as ____________ it is characterized by inflammation of the wrist that causes pressure against the median nerve, resulting in local pain and restricted movement

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

-Is a weakness of the wrist resulting in difficulty supporting the hand -Also known as wrist drop

Carpoptosis

Prolonged, involuntary muscular contractions cause pain wherever they occur, often striking the stomach wall or thigh muscles after strenuous exercise

Cramps

A general term describing a disease of joints in which the cartilage undergoes degeneration

Degenerative joint disease (DJD)

Children are occasionally born with a disease-causing skeletal muscle degeneration, resulting in progressive muscle weakness and deterioration

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

The epicondyles (very small bones on the humerus) are inflamed usually due to an injury

Epicondylitis

A disease of unknown origin that produces widespread pain od musculoskeletal structures of the limbs, face, and trunk

Fibromyalgia

Clinical term for a break in a bone

Fracture

A slight break in a bone that appears as a slight fissure in an x-ray exam

Greenstick

A spiral-shaped break, often caused by twisting stresses along the shaft

Spiral

A crushed break in a vertebra often due to an impact or fall

Compression

A fracture caused by another disease process that weakens the bone

Pathological

A break in the distal part of the radius, common in children

Colles

A break or breaks resulting in fragmentation of the bone

Comminuted

A break along an oblique angle of the bone shaft

Oblique

A break along the transverse plane of the bone shaft

Transverse

-A person experiences sharp pain in the joints of the toes, especially the big toe -Often exacerbated by a diet high in protein -Type of arthritis

Gout

The rupture of an intervertebral disk, which is a joint between two adjacent vertebrae of the spine - It causes pressure against spinal nerves or the spinal cord to produce back pain

Herniated disk

Three primary spinal deformities

Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis

Occurs when the upper thoracic curve bends posteriorly, causing an abnormal hump at the upper back that often accompanies osteoporosis

Kyphosis

Is an exaggerated anterior spinal curve in the lumbar area

Lordosis

Is a lateral curvature of the spine with a congenital origin, usually in the thoracic or lumbar regions

Scoliosis

-Results in excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal plates (growth plates), forming abnormally long limbs and a tall, thin body form -Heart valves are also deformed _believed that Abraham Lincoln suffered from this syndrome

Marfan's syndrome

Inflammation of a meniscus results in joint pain and is called

Meniscitis

Is characterized by a progressive failure of muscles to respond to nerve stimulation

Myasthenia gravis

Tumor of bone marrow

Myeloma

An injury to a muscle may cause the muscle to tear through the fascia, causing a protrusion. This is called

Myocele

A common result of muscle injury is local inflammation known as

Myositis

Inflammation of bone

Osteitis

Results in bone deformities due to a failure of bone remodeling, which is a balance between bone loss and bone deposition

Osteitis deformans (Paget Disease)

An inherited disease resulting in impaired bone growth

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A disease resulting in the softening of bones

Osteomalacia

-Inflammation of the red bone marrow and is a painful disease -Usual cause is bacterial infection

Osteomyelitis

-Abnormal loss of bone density is a common result of aging, especially among postmenopausal women -Results in a loss of posture and flexibility and an increased risk of fractures

Osteoporosis

-Bone cancer arising from connective tissue, usually within the bone itself -Aggressive form of cancer -Striking mostly the young and middle teens

Osteosarcoma

Form of malignant bone cancer that arises from the red bone marrow

Leukemia

Form of paralysis in which there is a loss of sensation or voluntary movement of the area of the body below the hips, including both legs

Paraplegia

Form of paralysis in which all four limbs are without sensation or voluntary movement

Quadriplegia

Is an autoimmune disease because the inflammation is the result of the body's own white blood cells attacking otherwise healthy tissue, in this case muscle tissue -Means inflammation of many muscles

Polymyositis

Children with a long-term deficiency of vitamin D or calcium in the diet may exhibit bowed legs and growth retardation

Rickets

Trauma to the vertebral column may result in

Spinal cord injury (CSI)

Trauma to the shoulder can tear one or more tendons and muscles, resulting in a ________________ that can cause local inflammation, pain, and joint dislocation

Rotator cuff injury

Is a general term for inflammatory diseases of the joints and their associated tendons and ligaments

Spondylarthritis

-Is a tear of collagen fibers within a ligament -It usually caused by stretching the ligament beyond its normal range without warming up or slowly stretching before exercise

Sprain

-Similar to a sprain -Is usually caused by stretching a muscle beyond its normal range -Muscle tissue tearing and the resulting capillary damage often cause a bruise

Strain

-Disease of the temporomandibular joint -Results in frequent dislocations that make it difficult and painful to move the jaw during speaking and chewing

Temporomandibular joint disease (TMJ)

-Inflammation of a tendon -Common sports injury

Tendonitis

A form of tendonitis that includes inflammation of the synovial membrane surrounding the joint

Tenosynovitis

Joint

Arthr/o

Purse or sac, bursa

Burs/o

Hand

Chir/o

Cartilage

Chondr/o

Rib

Cost/o

Skull, cranium

Crani/o

Electricity

Electr/o

Fascia

Fasci/o

Thin, lamina

Lamin/o

Muscle

My/o

Straight

Orth/o

Bone

Oste/o

Foot

Pod/o

Vertebra

Spondyl/o

Connect

Syn/o

Stretch, tendon

Ten/o

Vertebra

Vertebr/o

Surgical puncture

-centesis

Break apart

-clasia, -clasis

Surgical fixation, fusion

-desis

Surgical excision, removal

-ectomy

A record or image

-gram

Recording process

-graphy

Treatment, speciality

-iatry

One who specializes

-ist

Loosen, dissolve

-lysis

Disease

-pathy

Surgical repair

-Plasty

Suturing

-rrhaphy

Instrument used for viewing

-scope

Process of viewing

-scopy

Pertaining to

-tic

Incision, to cut

-tomy

Withdrawn by suction

Aspirated

In this procedure excess fluids are aspirated through a surgical puncture into the synovial cavity of the joint

Arthrocentesis

ROM

Range of motion

Occasionally, an abnormally stiff joint must be broken during surgery to increase ROM. This procedure is called

Arthroclasia

Surgical fixation of a joint

Arthrodesis

A record or image of a joint

Arthrogram

A joint is loosened of abnormal restrictions, such as calcium deposits and bursoliths

Arthrolysis

Refers to a joint replacement

Complete arthroplasty

Surgical repair of a joint

Arthroplasty

An endoscopic visual examination of a joint cavity uses an instrument that integrates fiber optics, live-action photography, and computer enhancement

Arthroscope

Viewing process of an arthroscope

Arthroscopy

When arthroscopy is part of a surgery

Arthroscopic surgery

A surgical incision into the synovial cavity

Arthrotomy

A surgery involving the removal of a bursa from a joint

Bursectomy

The field of therapy that is centered on manipulation of bones and joints, most commonly the vertebral column

Chiropractic

Surgical excision, or removal, of the cartilage associated with a joint

Chondrectomy

Surgical repair of cartilage associated with a joint

Chondroplasty

A surgery involving the removal of a rib

Costectomy

When one or more bones of the cranium undergo repair during surgery

Carnioplasty

Incision or cut to go into the skull/cranium

Craniotomy

A surgical procedure that is used frequently to reduce the pain of a herniated disk by surgically removing the intervertebral disk

Diskectomy

When the adjacent vertebrae are fused together following the removal of the disk

Spinal fusion

Alternate term for spinal fusion

Spondylosyndesis

Also performed to treat a herniated disk in which part of a vertebra known as the lamina is surgically removed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord

Laminectomy

The strength of a muscle contraction can be measured and recorded by a procedure called

Electromyography

A surgical incision into the connective tissue sheath surrounding a muscle, called fascia, is known as a

Fasciotomy

Orthopedic surgeons, or orthopedists, treat fractures by aligning the broken bones to their normal positions in a procedure known as ____________. Manipulating the bone without surgery during reduction is known as ________________. If surgical intervention is needed to align and stabilize the broken area, the procedure is called ________________. During the procedure, pins, screws, rods, or plates may be inserted to stabilize the alignment, known as ________________. In ______________, metal rods and pins are attached from outside the skin surface. If the normal healing process is impeded, _____________ or __________________ may be applied to stimulate the healing process.

Reduction Closed fracture reduction Open fracture reduction Internal Fixation External fixation Bone grafting or electrical bone stimulation

A muscle undergoes surgical repair

Myoplasty

The repair of a muscle often includes suturing the torn ends together in a procedure known as

Myorrhaphy

The most common pharmacological treatment for any condition, including inflammation or pain of muscle or bone tissue, is the use of ___________ ex) aspirin and ibuprofen

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)

The field of medical support involving the construction and fitting of orthopedic appliances, such as lifts, artificial limbs, and retraction devices, to assist a patient is known as

Orthotics

The medical term for an artificial limb

Prosthesis

-Is the surgical removal, or excision, of bone tissue -It is performed to remove unwanted bony formation

Ostectomy

In some cases, it becomes necessary to break a bone purposely to correct a defect or an improperly healed fracture. This is called

Osteoclasis

A medical field that emphasizes the relationship between the musculoskeletal system and overall health with an emphasis on body alignment and nurtition is called

Osteopathy

A physician trained in osteopathy is known as

Osteopath or osteopathic surgeon (DO)

The surgical repair of bone is a general procedure known as

Osteoplasty

The specialty that focuses on foot health

Podiatry

A healthcare professional trained in podiatry is called a

Podiatrist

A very common treatment for most internal injuries of the musculoskeletal system, such as sprains and strains, is often called

RICE

What does RICE stand for

Rest Ice Compression Elevation

Some injuries involve damage to both the muscle and its associated tendon. The surgical procedure involving the repair of both muscle and tendon is called

Tenomyoplasty

Surgery that involves the suturing of a tendon to close a tear

Tenorrhaphy

A tenorrhaphy often includes the ___________ procedure, during which one or more incisions are made into a tendon

Tenotomy

A surgical procedure that repairs damaged or diseased vertebrae is called a

Vertebroplasty