Ch.13 Flashcards
1
Q
Head
A
Cephal/o
2
Q
Little brain, cerebellum
A
Cerebell/o
3
Q
Brain, cerebrum
A
Cerebr/o
4
Q
Skull, cranium
A
Crani/o
5
Q
Brain
A
Encephal/o
6
Q
Swelling, knot
A
Gangli/o
7
Q
Membrane
A
Mening/i, mening/o
8
Q
Spinal cord, medulla, myelin
A
Myel/o
9
Q
Nerve
A
Neur/o
10
Q
Mind
A
Phren/o, psych/o
11
Q
Nerve root
A
Radic/o, radicul/o
12
Q
Vagus nerve
A
Vag/o
13
Q
Little belly, ventricle
A
Ventricul/o
14
Q
The ______________ is a complex part of the body that has been studied extensively, yet there is still much more to learn
A
Nervous system
15
Q
The brain and spinal cord form the ______________ and the nerves and ganglia form the ____________
A
Central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
16
Q
The nervous system maintains body stability, or _____________, by monitoring changes in the body and initiating responses to those changes. It is able to perform this important function by its ability to perceive changes, or ___________, and convert this information into _____________
A
Homeostasis
Stimuli
Nerve impulses
17
Q
A nerve impulse begins when a nerve cell, or _____________, opens its membrane channels to sodium and potassium ions, resulting in a flow of these ions across the cell membrane. The flow causes a sudden change in _____________, which flows along the neuron and is transmitted to other adjacent neurons. The result is an impulse that can travel very quickly along the nerves in your skin and elsewhere and throughout the ___________ and ______________
A
Neuron
Electrical current
Brain
Spinal cord
18
Q
Neurons are supported by other cells of nervous tissue, known as ___________, which make up most of the brain and spinal cord
A
Neuroglia
19
Q
The tissue making up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, called ________________, is quite delicate and easily damaged. Therefore, it requires special protective features, such as __________, _____________, and _____________
A
Nervous tissue
Bone
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
20
Q
Protection from pathogens circulating in the bloodstream is further assisted by a barrier between brain fluids and the blood, known as the ___________________, which keeps most bacteria, harmful cells, and many toxins from entering the nervous system
A
Blood-brain barrier
21
Q
Usually, the unwanted substances that successfully penetrate the blood-brain barrier are eliminated by special neuroglial cells in the brain, called ___________
A
Microglia
22
Q
The most common affliction of the nervous system is ____________
-Also known as ______________, it is a disruption of the normal flow of blood to the brain, resulting in the loss of ___________ function that often proves fatal
A
Stroke
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Brain
23
Q
The treatment of disorders affecting the nervous system is a relatively young branch of medicine known as __________________, which is a subspeciality of internal medicine
A
Neurology
24
Q
Specialists within the broad field of neurology include ____________, whose medical practice focuses on brain or spinal cord treatments; ____________, whose medical practice addresses mental illness; and ______________, who are mental health professionals trained in the treatment of behavioral disorders
A
Neurologists
Psychiatrists
Clinical psychologists
25
Without, absence of
A-
26
Excessive, abnormally high, above
Hyper-
27
Deficient, abnormally low, below
Hypo-
28
Alongside, abnormal
Par-
29
Excessive, over, many
Poly-
30
Head
Cephal/o
31
Sensation
Esthes/o
32
Nerve
Neur/o
33
To speak
Phas/o
34
Pain
-algesia
35
Condition of pain
-algia
36
Weakness
-asthenia
37
Condition of
-ia
38
The inability to speak is known as __________
-It is a clinical sign of a disease process causing disabilty
Aphasia
39
Difficulty speaking
-Is a speech or compression disorder resulting from a brain injury or disease
Dysphasia
40
Generalized pain in the region of the head
Cephalalgia
41
Common term for cephalalgia is __________
Headache
42
A _____________ is a series of involuntary muscular spasms caused by an uncoordinated excitation of motor neurons that triggers muscle contraction
Convulsion
43
A convulsion is a sign of a neurological disorder and is also called ______________
Seizure
44
The symptom _____________ is an excessive sensitivity to painful stimuli
Hyperalgesia
45
The symptom __________ is a deficient sensitivity to normal painful stimuli
Hypoalgesia
46
An excessive sensitivity to a stimulus, such as touch, sound, or pain
Hyperesthesia
47
A condition of pain in a nerve is a symptom known as ______________
Neuralgia
48
The symptom of _________________ is a generalized experience of body fatigue, which is often associated with mental depression
Neurasthenia
49
The symptom of _________________ is an abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling caused by an injury to one or more nerves
Parethesia
50
A condition of pain in many nerves is called _____________
Polyneuralgia
51
______________ is a temporary loss of consciousness due to a sudden reduction of blood flow to the brain
Syncope
52
Syncope is often called ____________
Fainting
53
Without, absence of
A-
54
Upon, over, above, on top
Epi-
55
Half
Hemi-
56
Within
Intra-
57
One
Mono-
58
Alongside or abnormal
Para-
59
Excessive, over, many
Poly-
60
Four
Quadri-
61
Fatty plaque
Ather/o
62
Self
Aut/o
63
Head
Cephal/o
64
Little brain, cerebellum
Cerebell/o
65
Brain, cerebrum
Cerebr/o
66
Skull, cranium
Crani/o
67
Plug
Embol/o
68
Brain
Encephal/o
69
Knowledge
Gnos/o
70
Blood
Hem/o
71
Water
Hydr/o
72
Side
Later/o
73
Membrane
Mening/i, mening/o
74
Muscle
My/o
75
Spinal cord, medulla, myelin
Myel/o
76
Numbness
Narc/o
77
Nerve
Neur/o
78
Gray
Poli/o
79
Hard
Scler/o
80
Clot
Thromb/o
81
Little vessel
Vascul/o
82
Little belly, ventricle
Ventricul/o
83
Pertaining to
-al, -ar, -ic, -us
84
Hernia, swelling, protrusion
-cele
85
Condition of
-ia, -osis
86
Condition or disease
-ism
87
Inflammation
-itis
88
Seizure
-lepsy
89
Softening
-malacia
90
Tumor
-oma
91
Disease
-pathy
92
Paralysis
-plegia
93
Abnormal discharge
-rrhage
94
Development
-troph
95
The loss of the ability to interpret sensory information is a disorder known as ____________
Agnosia
96
Among some individuals over the age of 40 years, the brain undergoes gradual deterioration resulting in confusion, short-term memory loss, restlessness, and cognitive losses. The disease is called _____________
Alzheimer's disease (AD)
97
A disease characterized by the progressive atrophy (loss) of muscle caused by hardening of nervous tissue on the lateral columns of the spinal cord is called ________________
-Also known as ______________ after the professional baseball player whose experience with this disease brought it to national attention in 1939
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Lou Gehrig's disease
98
____________ is a development disorder that varies in its severity with the patient, characterized by withdrawal from outward reality and impaired development in social conduct and communication
Autism
99
In general, a _____________ is a condition of muscular paralysis
Palsy
100
In _________________, the patient suffers from paralysis of the face muscles on one side due to damage to the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII)
Bell's palsy
101
An inflammation of the cerebellum is called _____________
Cerebellitis
102
An _______________ is a circulatory problem caused by the weakened wall of a blood vessel, resulting in a bulge in the wall that is in danger of bursting
Aneurysm
103
A ___________________ affects arteries channeling blood to the brain, placing the brain at great risk of the damage that would result from a burst aneurysm
Cerebral aneurysm
104
The disease _______________ affects arteries supplying the brain
-The vessels gradually close due to the accumulation of fatty plaques, reducing the flow of blood to the brain
-Increases the risk of stroke
Cerebral atherosclerosis
105
A moving blood clot in an artery of the brain is called a ___________
Cerebral embolism
106
The condition of a stationary blood clot in an artery of the brain is known as _____________
Cerebral thrombosis
107
A ______________ is the condition of bleeding from blood vessels associated with the cerebrum
Cerebral hemorrhage
108
A condition that appears at birth or shortly afterward as a partial muscle paralysis is called _______________
-The paralysis persists throughout life and is caused by a brain lesion at birth (known as _____________) or a brain malfunction that arises during early childhood (known as ___________)
Cerebral palsy (CP)
Congenital CP
Accquired CP
109
The clinical term for a stroke is _________________
- Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is reduced or cut off, resulting in the irreversible death of brain cells followed by losses of mental function or death
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
110
Two types of CVA are
Ischemic stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke
111
This type of stroke may be caused by emboli (moving blood clots) or a thrombus (a lodged, stationary blood clot)
Ischemic stroke
112
This type of stroke is when bleeding within the cranial cavity follows as injury to blood vessels or a burst aneurysm
Hemorrhagic stroke
113
In some cases, a blood clot may form temporarily before it breaks apart and dissolves, resulting in a brief minor episode of ischemia to an area of the brain that is usually without permanent injury. Popularly known as a “mini stroke,” it is medically called a ________________ and usually lasts less than5 minutes
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
114
A ______________ is a general term describing several levels of abnormally decreased consciousness
Coma
115
______________ is an injury to soft tissue resulting from a blow or violent shaking
Concussion
116
In a _____________, the cerebrum undergoes physical damage when it strikes against the inside wall of the cranium
Cerebral concussion
117
A more severe brain injury is called a ______________, which often involves bleeding that can result in functional losses and death
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
118
Inflammation of the brain
Encephalitis
119
Softening of brain tissue
Encephalomalacia
120
A chronic disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, including convulsions and temporary loss of consciousness, is the disease ______________
Epilepsy
121
A neoplasm (tumor) of glial cells is called a ___________
Giloma
122
_______________ is usually caused by a blockage or narrowing of one or more channels inside the brain that transport cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between brain ventricles. Because CSF is continually produced, the result of a blockage or narrowing is a backup of watery CSF, causing the brain ventricles to fill beyond their normal capacity to damage surrounding brain tissue
Hydrocephalus
123
Is a benign tumor of the meninges usually arising from the arachnoid mater and occurring within the superior sagittal sinus on top of the brain
Meningioma
124
_____________ is an inflammation of the meninges
-It is usually caused by a bacterial infection that begins at the meninges surrounding the spinal cord to form ____________
Meningitis
Spinal meningitis
125
A ____________ is a protrusion of the meninges, usually caused by a birth defect in the skull column
-A term associated with a protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through a defective opening in the spinal column is
___________
-Both conditions are congenital defects that are part of the congenital disease called
Meningocele
Meningomyelocele
Spina bifida
126
A disease characterized by the deterioration of the myelin sheath covering axons within the brain is known as ____________
-It is a progressive disease without a known cause, diagnosed by episodes of localized functional losses that eventually lead to paralysis and death
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
127
Inflammation of the spinal cord is called __________
Myelitis
128
A sleep disorder characterized by sudden uncontrollable episodes of sleep, attacks of paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations (dreams intruding into the wakeful state) is called ______________
Narcolepsy
129
Inflammation of a nerve is called _____________
-In the condition _____________, man nerves at once are inflamed
Neuritis
Polyneuritis
130
Poly neuritis may be an early sign of increased pressure within the cranium, called ____________
Intracranial pressure
131
A tumor originating from a neuron is generally called a _____________
-It is a benign tumor that may form on a nerve or within the brain
Neuroma
132
Damage to peripheral nerves due to any cause is called _____________
-If multiple areas are affected it is called ____________
Neuropathy
Polyneuropathy
133
In ____________, muscles of the legs and lower body are paralyzed
Paraplegia
134
One limb is paralyzed
Monoplegia
135
Paralysis of one arm and one leg on one side of the body
Hemiplegia
136
Paralysis from the neck down including all four limbs
Quadriplegia
137
A chronic, progressive degenerative disease of the brain characterized by tremors, rigidity, and shuffling gait is called _____________
-Also called ______________
Parkinson's disease (PD)
Parkinsonism
138
Caused by one of several viruses belonging to the family poliovirus, the disease ____________ is characterized by inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord, sometimes resulting in paralysis or death
-Is commonly referred to as ____________
Poliomyelitis
Polio
139
The condition of inflammation of the ventricles of the brain is known as ____________
Ventriculitis
140
Without, absence of
An-
141
Upon, over, above, on top
Epi-
142
Blood vessel
Angi/o
143
Brain, cerebrum
Cerebr/o
144
Skull, cranium
Crani/o
145
Hard
Dur/o
146
Sound
Ech/o
147
Electricity
Electr/o
148
Brain
Encephal/o
149
Sensation
Esthes/o
150
Swelling, knot
Gangli/o, ganglion/o
151
Spinal cord, medulla, myelin
Myel/o
152
Nerve
Neur/o
153
Mind
Psych/o
154
Nerve root
Radic/o, rhiz/o
155
To cut
Tom/o
156
Vagus nerve
Vag/o
157
Pertaining to
-al, -ic
158
Pain
-algesia
159
Surgical excision, removal
-ectomy
160
A record or image
-gram
161
Recording progress
-graphy
162
Condition of
-ia
163
Treatment, specialty
-iatry
164
One who specializes
-ist
165
Study or science of
-logy
166
Loosen, dissolve
-lysis
167
Surgical repair
-plasty
168
Suturing
-rrhaphy
169
Cutting instrument
-tome
170
Incision, to cut
-tomy
171
The most common form of pain management is the use of _____________, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen
-Because they are classified as opioid compounds, they are called ___________
Analgesics
Opioid analgesics
172
The primary type of pain management that is used during surgical procedures is ____________
Anesthesia
173
Anesthesia is managed by a physician called an ___________ and is often administered by a trained specialist called an ___________
Anesthesiologist
Anesthetist
174
A _______________ is an injection made into a nerve to block the conduction of impulses between the nerve and the CNS
Nerve block anesthesia
175
A diagnostic procedure that reveals blood flow to the brain by x-ray photography is known as ____________
Cerebral angiography
176
A procedure involving the use of a computer to interpret a series of x-ray images and construct from them a three-dimensional view of the brain is known as ______________
-Commonly called a ______________
Computed tomography
CT scan
177
The surgical removal of part of the bony cranium is called ____________
Craniectomy
178
In a _______________, an incision is made through the cranium to provide surgical access to the brain
-The surgical knife used to perform this operation is called a ____________
Craniotomy
Craniotome
179
In the procedure _______________, ultrasound (sound wave) technology is used to record brain structures in the search for abnormalities
Echoencephalography (EchoEG)
180
A general type of treatment to manage neurological disorders is known as ______________
Effectual drug therapy
181
Examples of effectual drug therapy:
-______________ medication that reduces patient anxiety levels
-_____________ that control convulsions occurring in diseases such as epilepsy
-______________ that are effective against fever
-___________that combat depression
-_____________ that reduce hallucinations and confusion
-____________ are often used to calm agitated and anxious patients, whereas stronger narcotics produce stupor or induce sleep
Antianxiety
Anticonvulsants
Antipyretics
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Tranquilizers
Sedatives
182
A diagnostic procedure that records electrical impulses of the brain to measure brain activity is called _______________
Electroencephalography (EEG)
183
An ______________ is the injection of a spinal block anesthetic into the epidural space external to the spinal cord
- It is a common procedure to manage pain during painful childbirth labor or as an emergency procedure following severe trauma to the pelvic region
Epidural
184
A group of diagnostic tests that measure changes in brain waves during particular stimuli to determine brain function is known as _____________
-It evaluates sight, hearing, and other senses
Evoked potential studies (EP studies)
185
Surgical removal of a ganglion is known as _____________
Gangliectomy or ganglionectomy
186
A _________________ is the withdrawal (aspiration) of CSF from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the vertebral column, where the spinal cord is absent
-It is commonly called a ____________
Lumbar puncture (LP)
Spinal tap
187
In the frequently used diagnostic procedure _________________, powerful magnets are used to observe soft tissues in the body, including the brain
-It is used to target brain tumors, brain trauma, MS, and other conditions
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
188
___________ is an x-ray photograph of the spinal cord following injection of a contrast dye
-The procedure is called ______________
Myelogram
Myelography
189
The surgical removal of a nerve is a procedure known as ____________
Neurectomy
190
The study and medical practice of the nervous system is known as ______________
Neurology
191
The related term __________________ is an adjective associated with the general field of neurology
Neurologic
192
______________ is one who participates in neurological research
-A _____________ is a physician who specializes in neurology
-A ________________ is a physician who performs surgery of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Neuroscientist
Neurologist
Neurosurgeon
193
The procedure of separating a nerve by removing unwanted adhesions is known as __________________
Neurolysis
194
_________________ is the surgical repair of a nerve
Neuroplasty
195
_______________ means suture of a nerve
Neurorrhaphy
196
_____________ means incision into a nerve
Neurotomy
197
A scan using a radioactive chemical to provide a map of metabolically active cells within the brain is a common procedure known as _______________
-Is a useful diagnostic procedure to evaluate brain function
Positron emission tomography (PET scan)
198
The branch of medicine that addresses disorders of the brain resulting in mental, emotional, and behavioral disturbances is known as _______________
-A physician practicing in this field is a _________________, who often uses ______________, or drug therapy targeting the brain, and ________________, or psychiatric therapy, to improve a patient's quality of life
Psychiatry
Psychiatrist
Psychopharmacology
Psychoanalysis
199
In contrast to psychiatry, the field of ______________ is not a medical specialty. It is the study of human behavior
Psychology
200
However, a subdiscipline within this field, known as _____________, uses applied psychology to trat patients suffering from behavioral disorders and emotional trauma.
-The technique used in treating behavioral and emotional issues is called _____________
Clinical psychology
Psychotherapy
201
A surgical incision into a nerve root is called ______________
-It is also called _______________
Radicotomy
Rhizotomy
202
_____________ is a series of diagnostic tests performed to observe the body's response to touch stimuli. Is useful in assessing stroke, head trauma, birth defects, and other neurological challenges
-The tests include _________________ involving percussion at the patellar tendon and elsewhere and Babinski reflex involving stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot
Reflex testing
Deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
203
As a treatment for stroke, a powerful chemical that dissolves blood clots in vessels supplying the brain is known as _______________
-If it is administered within 3 hours of a stroke, it may reopen blood flow to the brain in time to reduce brain injury and make a full recovery possible
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
204
The vagus nerve is a large cranial nerve passing from the brainstem into the thoracic and abdominal cavities. During a ___________, several branches of the vagus nerve are severed to reduce acid secretion into the stomach to help prevent the reoccurrence of peptic ulcer or reduce pain from the digestive organs
Vagotomy
205
Two
Bi-
206
Bad, abnormal, painful, difficult
Dys-
207
Mind
Ment/o, phren/o, psych/o
208
Nerve
Neur/o
209
To divide, split
Schiz/o
210
Body
Somat/o
211
Condition of
-ia, -osis
212
Pertaining to
-ic
213
Pertaining to a word or phrase
-lexia
214
Madness, frenzy
-mania
215
Disease
-pathy
216
Fear
-phobia
217
Anxiety is the apprehension of danger, filling a person with fear over the future. An ______________ occurs when this mental state dominates behavior. It is usually an acute response that includes restlessness, psychological tension, tachycardia, and shortness of breath
Anxiety disorder
218
A neurological disorder characterized by short attention span and poor concentration is called ______________. It is usually associated with school-age children but can also affect adults and makes learning very difficult
-A similar disorder is ______________, which has the added symptom of hyperactivity, or hyperkinesia
Attention-deficit disorder (ADD)
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
219
The mental disorder ____________________ affects the cognitive functions of the cerebrum, causing alternating periods of high energy and mental confusion with low energy and mental depression
Bipolar disorder
220
____________ is an impairment of mental function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion
-It is usually associated with old age and sometimes accompanies Alzheimer's disease and Parkinsons's disease
Dementia
221
Some individuals have a reading handicap that has a neurological cause, in which some letters and numbers are reversed in order by the brain
Dyslexia
222
The clinical condition of _____________ is an emotional disorder of abnormally high psychomotor activity, which includes excitement, a rapid movement od ideas, unstable attention, sleeplessness, and confusion between reality and imagination
Mania
223
In which an individual believes oneself to be a person of great fame or wealth
Megalomania
224
Is an obsessive fascination with fire
Pyromania
225
A ____________ is an emotional disorder involving a counterproductive way of dealing with mental stress
Neurosis
226
A person experiencing persistent delusions of persecution resulting in mistrust and combativeness suffers from ______________
Paranoia
227
A ________________ is an irrational, obsessive fear
Phobia
228
Fear of spiders
Arachnophobia
229
Abnormal fear of public places
Agoraphobia
230
Abnormal fear og heights
Acrophobia
231
The fear of developing a phobia
Phobophobia
232
Many individuals who have experienced a severe mental strain, physical threat or injury such as military combat or a physical assault, or emotional trauma suffer from an acute condition that includes sleeplessness, anxiety, and paranoia
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
233
_____________ is a general term for a mental or emotional disorder
Psychopathy
234
An individual suffering from a gross distortion or disorganization of their mental capacity, emotional response, and capacity to recognize reality and relate to others may be diagnosed with the disease known as __________
Psychosis
235
______________ refers to the influence of the mind over bodily functions, especially disease. Among some people, their mind creates symptoms that suggest an illness when physical signs are absent. In other this type of illness can be a real physical illness resulting from mental anxiety, such as peptic ulcer and hypertensions
Psychosomatic
236
The most commons form of psychosis is ___________
-It is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and extensive withdrawal from other people and the outside world
schizophrenia
237
