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BIO163 > Ch.17- Blood > Flashcards

Ch.17- Blood Flashcards

(87 cards)

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1
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

Approximately 7.4

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2
Q

What is the hematocrit of RBC for males and females?

A

Males- 47% +/- 5%

Females- 42% +/- 5%

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3
Q

What is the osmolarity of blood?

A

300

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4
Q

What is the viscosity of blood in comparison to water?

A

4.5-5.5X that of water

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5
Q

What is the average volume of blood in liters for males and females?

A

Males- 5-6 L

Females- 4-5 L

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6
Q

What nitrogenous waste of plasma is the most abundant product of amino acid catabolism but also the most toxic?

A

Urea

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7
Q

Where are blood proteins mostly produced?

A

In the liver

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8
Q

What percentage of plasma proteins does albumin account for?

A

About 60%

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9
Q

What is the Buffy coat made of?

A

White blood cells and platelets

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10
Q

Thrombocytes is another name for…

A

Platelets

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11
Q

What is the fluid left when blood clots?

A

Serum

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12
Q

What is the purpose of globulins and what percentage of plasma proteins do they make up?

A

To carry lipids, 36%

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13
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

The formation of red blood cells

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14
Q

What hormone is erythropoiesis stimulated by and where is it formed?

A

Erythropoietin, formed in the kidneys

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15
Q

What constitutes the majority of RBC and binds to oxygen reversibly? It gives blood it’s red color

A

Hemoglobin

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16
Q

What binds to the O2 molecule with oxygen transport?

A

Fe2+

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17
Q

What is the active form of Fe2+ called?

A

Ferrous

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18
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low oxygen levels

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19
Q

Low RBC counts

A

Anemia

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20
Q

In addition to nutrients and iron, what other thing is a dietary requirement for erythropoiesis?

A

Vitamin B12 and folic acid

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21
Q

Where do expired RBCs degrade?

A

Liver and spleen

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22
Q

What happens to heme and globulin in degraded RBCs?

A

The heme is degraded to bilirubin and the globulin is metabolized into amino acids

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23
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow

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24
Q

What is the intrinsic factor?

A

It is a protein molecule produced in the stomach that is needed for the absorption of the vitamin b12

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25
One cause of anemia that involves an absent or faulty globin chain.
Thalassemia
26
What happens with sickle-cell anemia?
A defective gene codes for abnormal hemoglobin, which causes RBCs to become sickle shaped in low oxygen situations
27
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
Transport, regulation, protection
28
The study of blood
Hematology
29
What are considered formed elements of blood?
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets
30
What composition of blood to leukocytes and platelets occupy?
Less than 1%
31
What is the viscosity of plasma in comparison to water
2x that of water
32
If you become dehydrated, does blood become more or less viscous and how does this impact resistance?
Blood will increase in viscosity, which makes blood flow more resisted
33
What is the main function of blood?
Distribution of oxygen and nutrients to body cells
34
What are the non-nitrogenous elements of plasma (5)?
water, nutrients, electrolytes, respiratory gases, hormones
35
Is lactic acid a nitrogenous waste of plasma?
NO! It is non-nitrogenous
36
A substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance/evenly distributed
Colloid
37
Prothrombin is a...
clotting factor
38
What percentage does the plasma protein fibrinogen account for?
4%
39
What is the active form of fibrinogen?
Fibrin
40
What is the average amount of hemoglobin in a male?
13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL
41
Most formed elements survive for how long in the bloodstream?
Only a few days
42
What is leukopoiesis and what is it stimulated by?
Formation of WBCs, stimulated by a variety of cytokines
43
What percentage of RBCs is hemoglobin?
Over 97%
44
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport a maximum of how many oxygen molecules?
4
45
As part of hemoglobin structure, there are how many chains?
2 alpha and 2 beta chains
46
Each RBC has how many hemoglobin molecules?
280,000,000
47
True or false. | Testosterone does not enhance EPO
False
48
Once erythropoietin is produced in the kidneys, what does it stimulate?
Red bone marrow
49
True or false. | Vitamin B12 and folic acid are necessary for DNA synthesis for cell division
True
50
What is the storage molecule for ferritin?
Apoferritin
51
What is the average life span of erythrocytes?
100-120 days
52
Insufficient erythrocytes, low hemoglobin content, and abnormal hemoglobin are causes of...
Anemia
53
In the case of sickle-cell anemia, at position 6 of the beta hemoglobin, instead of there being glutamic acid there is instead...
Valine
54
An excess of RBCs that increase blood viscosity
Polycythemia
55
Any large molecule capable of binding to an antibody and triggering an immune response
Antigen
56
A protein of the gamma globulin class that reacts with an antigen
Antibody
57
"To clump"
Agglutination
58
Is agglutination the same thing as blood clotting?
NOOOOO
59
Rh+ indicates the presence of...
D agglutinogen
60
With what circumstances will a pregnant mother need to be injected with RhoGAM?
Rh- mother, Rh+ baby, second pregnancy
61
What moves through tissues spaces by ameboid motion and positive chemotaxis?
WBC/Leukocytes
62
Where do all leukocytes originate from?
Hemocytoblasts
63
What are the Granulocytes of WBCs?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
64
What types of WBCs are phagocytic
Granulocytes
65
What is the more numerous type of WBC?
Neutrophil
66
Digest parasitic worms that are too large to be phagocytized
Eosinophils
67
Which of the granulocytes contains histamine?
Basophil
68
An inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites
Histamine
69
What are the two types of Lymphocytes?
T cells and B cells
70
What type of WBC differentiates into macrophages?
Monocytes
71
Abnormally low WBC count
Leukopenia
72
Abnormally low WBC count
Leukopenia
73
Hairy cell leukemia affects what type of lymphocyte?
b cells
74
Platelets are derived from...
Megakaryocytes
75
Formation of platelets is regulated by
thrombopoietin
76
Platelet granules contain... (5 things)
Serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and PDGF
77
Thrombopoiesis is...
The formation of platelets
78
True or False. Platelets bind to collagen fibers in platelet plug formation/clotting.
True
79
What are the three phases of coagulation?
Prothrombin activator is formed Prothrombin is converted into thrombin Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh
80
In order to dissolve a clot, plasminogen is converted to plasmin. Plasmin then does what to dissolve the clot?
Digests fibrin
81
Occurs when an object from one part of the body migrates and causes blockage of blood vessels in another part of the body
Embolism
82
When considering the role of platelets, Serotonin and Thromboxane A2 stimulate what?
Vasoconstriction
83
In the steps of coagulation, is the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway faster?
Extrinsic, because it bypasses several steps of the intrinsic pathway
84
Fibrinolysis is...
The breakdown of fibrin in blood clots
85
A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
Thrombus
86
A thrombus freely floating in the blood stream
Embolus
87
Deficient number of circulating platelets
Thrombocytopenia

BIO163 (18 decks)

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