Ch. 27- The Reproductive System

Question 1

Primary sex organs produce what?

Answer 1

Gametes (testes or ovaries)

Question 2

What type of ducts develop into the reproductive system in males?

Answer 2

Mesonephric ducts

Question 3

What type of ducts develop into the reproductive system in females?

Answer 3

Paramesonephric ducts

Question 4

What protein does the SRY gene code for?

Answer 4

TDF

Question 5

The SRY causes the testis to secrete what two things?

Answer 5

Testosterone and mullerian-inhibiting factor (MIF)

Question 6

What three structures do all 8 week old fetuses have?

Answer 6

Phallus, urogenital fold, labioscrotal fold

Question 7

At what week is the fetus distinctively male or female?

Answer 7

Week 12

Question 8

What is the function of the gubernaculum?

Answer 8

Shortens and guides the testes to the scrotum

Question 9

Cryptorchidism refers to what?

Answer 9

Undescended testes

Question 10

Sperm is stored in…

Answer 10

The epididymis

Question 11

What structure engorges with blood during an erection?

Answer 11

Corpus cavernosa

Question 12

Where does sperm production occur?

Answer 12

Seminiferous tubules

Question 13

Once the sperm is produced in the seminiferous tubules, where does it go into?

Answer 13

Rete testis

Question 14

What is the purpose of the sperm’s development of mitochondria?

Answer 14

Helps them survive the hypoxic environment of female reproductive tract

Question 15

True or False.

Testicular veins drain to the inferior vena cava

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Germ cells give rise to…

Answer 16

spermatozoa

Question 17

What secrets inhibin?

Answer 17

Sustentacular cells

Question 18

What type of cells have the receptor for FSH?

Answer 18

Sustentacular cells

Question 19

FSH is produced where?

Answer 19

The brain

Question 20

True or False

The blood-testis barrier is formed by gap junctions.

Answer 20

False, tight junctions

Question 21

What makes up the blood-testis barrier?

Answer 21

Sustentacular cells

Question 22

What is the purpose of the blood-testis barrier?

Answer 22

To prevent an immune attack/ destruction of sperm

Question 23

Sustentacular cells secrete what?

Answer 23

Inhibin and ABP

Question 24

What does ABP do?

Answer 24

Binds to testosterone in the tubules

Question 25

What type of cells contain the receptor proteins for LH?

Answer 25

Interstitial/Leydig cells

Question 26

These cells stimulate the secretion of testosterone

Answer 26

Leydig cells

Question 27

Spermatogonia produce 2 kinds of daughter cells. Explain each type and what their role is?

Answer 27

Type A- remains outside blood-testis barrier and produces more daughter cells until death (replenishes the stock) Type B- Undergos meiosis/spermiogenesis

Question 28

The transformation into spermatozoon

Answer 28

Spermiogenesis

Question 29

How many days does it take for spermatogonium to mature into spermatozoon?

Answer 29

74 days

Question 30

What are the main changes that occur during spermiogenesis?

Answer 30

The sperm discard of excess cytoplasm and grow tails

Question 31

What is optimal temperature for sperm production?

Answer 31

35 degrees C

Question 32

Network of veins from testis that surround testicular artery in spermatic cord

Answer 32

Pampiniform plexus

Question 33

What muscles of the male reproductive system contract in cold temperatures?

Answer 33

Cremaster and Dartos muscle

Question 34

True or False The pampiniform plexus is based on a countercurrent heat exchanger

Answer 34

True

Question 35

A mature hypothalamus produces...

Answer 35

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 36

What is the function of GnRH?

Answer 36

Stimulates gonadotrope cells in anterior pituitary and causes secretion of FSH and LH

Question 37

Does inhibin increase or decrease sperm production?

Answer 37

Decrease

Question 38

What happens in menopause for men?

Answer 38

Rise in FSH and LH secretion

Question 39

What is the breakdown of semen?

Answer 39

60% seminal vesicle fluid 30% prostatic 10% sperm

Question 40

What is normal sperm count?

Answer 40

50-120 million

Question 41

What is considered infertility?

Answer 41

< 25 million/mL

Question 42

What provides the energy for sperm motility?

Answer 42

Fructose

Question 43

A base stabilizing sperm pH at 7.2-7.6, neutralizing the vaginal tract

Answer 43

Spermine

Question 44

What type of signals produce an erection?

Answer 44

Parasympathetic

Question 45

Sympathetic nervous system propels sperm through ducts as glandular secretions are added

Answer 45

Emission

Question 46

Semen in urethra activates muscular contractions that lead to expulsion

Answer 46

Expulsion

Question 47

What happens with resolution after ejaculation?

Answer 47

Sympathetic signals constrict the internal pudendal artery and reduce blood flow to penis

Question 48

In what part of the cell cycle does chromosome replication occur?

Answer 48

S phase

Question 49

What are the products of mitosis?

Answer 49

2 identical daughter cells

Question 50

Meiosis reduces chromosome numbers _______ for gamete cells

Answer 50

In half

Question 51

True or False Multiple oocytes go through one complete meiosis each month to produce one final viable egg

Answer 51

False

Question 52

Where exactly is the egg fertilized?

Answer 52

Upper 1/3 of fallopian tube

Question 53

What is the reproductive age in females?

Answer 53

12-50 years

Question 54

What triggers puberty in girls?

Answer 54

GnRH

Question 55

What does GnRH do in females?

Answer 55

Stimulates anterior pituitary to produce FSH and LH

Question 56

What does FSH stimulate?

Answer 56

Stimulates the follicles to secrete estrogen and progesterone

Question 57

What is thelarche?

Answer 57

Development of breasts

Question 58

What is pubarche?

Answer 58

Growth of pubic and axillary hair, apocrine and sebaceous glands

Question 59

What is menarche?

Answer 59

First menstrual period

Question 60

What is a distinctive characteristic of female hormones?

Answer 60

They are secreted cyclically and in sequence

Question 61

What does age related depletion of follicles mean?

Answer 61

Less secretion of estrogen and progesterone

Question 62

What is HRT?

Answer 62

Low dose estrogen and progesterone therapy

Question 63

Events occurring between fertilization and birth

Answer 63

Reproductive cycle

Question 64

Events recurring every month in females when pregnancy does not occur is called the...

Answer 64

Sexual cycle

Question 65

What is the hormone cycle that produces a hierarchy of control?

Answer 65

hypothalamus--> pituitary--> ovaries--> uterus

Question 66

What happens in the follicular phase (2 weeks)?

Answer 66

Menstruation first and then the uterus replaces lost endometrium and follicles grow

Question 67

What happens during the postovulatory phase (2 weeks)?

Answer 67

Corpus luteum stimulates endometrial thickening

Question 68

What is secreted by the hypothalamus?

Answer 68

GnRH

Question 69

GnRH stimulates the ____________ to produce _______ and ________

Answer 69

Anterior pituitary; FSH; LH

Question 70

FSH and LH act on the ________ to stimulate follicle growth and produce ____________ and _____________

Answer 70

Ovary; estrogen; progesterone

Question 71

High estrogen levels leads to...

Answer 71

Ovulation

Question 72

The wound in the ovary after ovulation forms the __________

Answer 72

Corpus luteum

Question 73

What layer does mitosis occur in?

Answer 73

Stratum basalis

Question 74

What causes progesterone levels to fall?

Answer 74

Atrophy of corpus luteum

Question 75

Average woman loses how much blood and serous fluid in an average menstrual cycle?

Answer 75

40 mL of blood and 35 mL of serous fluid

Question 76

What does the serous fluid contain that prevents it from clotting?

Answer 76

Fibrinolysin

Question 77

As LH increases, estrogen _________

Answer 77

Increases

Question 78

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 78

When the implantation occurs outside of the uterus

Question 79

True or false. Zygote is diploid

Answer 79

True

Question 80

Trophoblast secretes....

Answer 80

HCG

Question 81

HCG stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete....

Answer 81

Progesterone and estrogen

Question 82

Trophoblast develops into a membrane called the...

Answer 82

Chorion

Question 83

Progesterone is required to keep the endometrium in tact, therefore it suppresses ____________

Answer 83

Menstruation

Question 84

What are the three facts about progesterone secreted by the placenta and corpus luteum?

Answer 84

1. Suppresses secretion of FSH and LH preventing follicular development 2. Prevents menstruation and thickens endometrium 3. Stimulates development of acini in breast tissue

Question 85

What are the three facts about HCS (human chorionic somatomammotropin)?

Answer 85

1. It is called the human placental lactogen 2. It is secreted from placenta in direct proportion to it's size 3. Decreases mother's glucose usage and increases release of fatty acids

Question 86

Lack of spermatozoa in the ejaculate

Answer 86

Azoospermia

Question 87

Lowered concentration and motility of spermatozoa

Answer 87

Oligoasthenozoospermia

Question 88

Lowered proportion of spermatozoa of normal shape

Answer 88

Teratozoospermia

Question 89

Lowered concentration and motility and lowered proportion of spermatozoa of normal shape

Answer 89

Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia

Question 90

Spermatozoa are not motile (they appear as dead)

Answer 90

Necrospermia

Question 91

Spermatozoa are so rare, that they could be found as far as after centrifugation of the sample

Answer 91

Cryptospermia