Ch. 23- The Digestive System

Question 1

Selective intake of food

Answer 1

Ingestion

Question 2

Mechanical and biochemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body

Answer 2

Digestion

Question 3

Uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract, and then into the blood or lymph

Answer 3

Adsorption

Question 4

Elimination of undigested residue

Answer 4

Defecation

Question 5

What are the major functions of the omentum?

Answer 5

Fat deposition, immune contribution, infection and would isolation

Question 6

Milky spots in the omentum indicate what?

Answer 6

Macrophage collection

Question 7

How many permanent teeth do you have?

Answer 7

32

Question 8

How many deciduous teeth are there?

Answer 8

20

Question 9

What are the 3 glands outside the oral cavity?

Answer 9

Submandibular, parotid, and sublingual

Question 10

Intrinsic salivary glands are also called…

Answer 10

Buccal glands

Question 11

Most saliva is produced by…

Answer 11

The extrinsic salivary glands

Question 12

How much saliva is produced per day?

Answer 12

1-1.5 liters

Question 13

What two nerves make up the autonomic innervation present with the salivary glands?

Answer 13

Facial and glossopharyngeal

Question 14

What is another word for swallowing?

Answer 14

Deglutition

Question 15

The vagus nerve is…

Answer 15

Parasympathetic

Question 16

The celiac ganglia is…

Answer 16

Sympathetic

Question 17

Peristalsis is…

Answer 17

A wave of muscular contraction

Question 18

What is the celiac ganglia?

Answer 18

Two, large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen. They innervate most of the digestive tract

Question 19

Where does protein digestion begin?

Answer 19

In the stomach

Question 20

What do the parietal cells secrete?

Answer 20

HCL and intrinsic factor

Question 21

How many liters of gastric juice is produced daily by the gastric glands?

Answer 21

2-3 liters

Question 22

What is gastric juice composed of?

Answer 22

Water, HCL and pepsin

Question 23

What is the purpose of the intrinsic factor?

Answer 23

It is required for vitamin B12 absorption and hemoglobin synthesis

Question 24

What is a gastric secretion stimulated by?

Answer 24

Acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin

Question 25

Acetylcholine, histamine and gastrin all cause the production of ________, ______________ and ___________

Answer 25

HCL, intrinsic factor, and pepsinogen

Question 26

The ________________ is active during the receptive relaxation of the stomach in response to swallowing of food

Answer 26

Vagovagal reflex

Question 27

The vagovagal reflex allows for...

Answer 27

Large amounts of food in the gastrointestinal tracts

Question 28

Provides motor innervation to both layers and secretomotor innervation to the mucosa, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input

Answer 28

Auerbach's plexus (myenteric plexus)

Question 29

What is found in the muscles of the esophagus, stomach and intestine?

Answer 29

Auerbach's plexus

Question 30

The major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and controls GI tract motility

Answer 30

Auerbach's plexus (myenteric plexus)

Question 31

What do chief cells secrete?

Answer 31

Pepsinogen

Question 32

Stimulates gastric glands to secrete HCl and other enzymes; stimulates intestinal motility; relaxes iliocecal nerves

Answer 32

Gastrin

Question 33

Gastrin is what kind of secretion?

Answer 33

Paracrine

Question 34

Stimulates gastric motility

Answer 34

Serotonin

Question 35

Stimulates HCl secretion

Answer 35

Histamine

Question 36

Inhibits gastric secretion and motility, delays emptying stomach, inhibits secretion by pancreas, inhibits gall bladder contraction and secretion, reduces blood circulation and nutrient absorption in small intestine

Answer 36

Somatostatin

Question 37

What is required to emulsify fat?

Answer 37

Bile

Question 38

What makes up the hepatic triad?

Answer 38

Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile ductule

Question 39

Which organ produces bile?

Answer 39

The liver

Question 40

Where is bile stored?

Answer 40

The gallbladder

Question 41

What does bile do?

Answer 41

Breaks up fats into smaller particles that are more accessible to digestive enzymes

Question 42

Liver produces about ________ ml of bile per day

Answer 42

500-1000ml

Question 43

Only these two parts of bile function in digestion

Answer 43

Bile salts and phospholipids

Question 44

This is produced by intestinal cells and causes release of bile

Answer 44

Secretin

Question 45

What is the major stimulus for contracting the gallbladder?

Answer 45

Cholecystokinin

Question 46

What relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincter??

Answer 46

Cholecystokinin

Question 47

Where is protein digestion completed?

Answer 47

Small intestine

Question 48

What is the function of pancreatic proteases?

Answer 48

Digest proteins and peptide

Question 49

What are the pancreatic proteases?

Answer 49

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

Question 50

Digests carbohydrates

Answer 50

Amylases

Question 51

Digests lipids and fats

Answer 51

Lipases

Question 52

Digests nucleic acids, DNA and RNA

Answer 52

Nucleases

Question 53

What are the hormones produced by the pancreas?

Answer 53

Somatostatin, glucagon, insulin

Question 54

Under sympathetic control, inhibits gastric secretion, motility, and emptying

Answer 54

Somatostatin

Question 55

Raises blood glucose levels

Answer 55

Glucagon

Question 56

Transport glucose to cells, lowers blood glucose levels

Answer 56

Insulin

Question 57

Beta cells produce...

Answer 57

Insulin

Question 58

Alpha cells produce...

Answer 58

Glucagon

Question 59

This structure absorbs and transports fats

Answer 59

Lacteal

Question 60

Fat droplets are processed into...

Answer 60

Micelles

Question 61

Micelles are rearranged into __________ and these can be absorbed by _________

Answer 61

Chylomicrons; lacteals

Question 62

Because the tenia coli is shorter than the length of the large intestine, these pouches are created.

Answer 62

Haustra

Question 63

Haustral contractions are slow or fast?

Answer 63

Slow

Question 64

Activates small intestine motility

Answer 64

Gastroileal reflex

Question 65

Activates propulsive colon contraction

Answer 65

Gastrocolic reflex

Question 66

What reflex moves content from one haustra to the next?

Answer 66

Gastrocolic reflex

Question 67

Defecation is a __________ process

Answer 67

Parasympathetic