Ch. 25- The Urinary System

Question 1

How many liters of blood do the kidneys filter daily?

Answer 1

1/4 of blood; about 200 liters

Question 2

The kidneys maintain the proper balance between what?

Answer 2

Water, salts, acids and bases

Question 3

What is produced by the kidneys that help regulate blood pressure?

Answer 3

Renin

Question 4

What are the four major nitrogenous wastes of the urinary system?

Answer 4

Urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia

Question 5

Creatine phosphate produces…

Answer 5

Creatinine

Question 6

What is the value of blood urea nitrogen?

Answer 6

6-18 mg/dl

Question 7

Abnormally elevated BUN

Answer 7

Azotemia

Question 8

Severe azotemia- diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, convulsions, coma, and death

Answer 8

Uremia

Question 9

In what position are the kidneys found in the abdominal cavity?

Answer 9

Retroperitoneal position

Question 10

Which kidney is lower and why?

Answer 10

The right kidney is lower because it is crowded by the liver

Question 11

What helps attach the kidney to the body wall as well as providing cushion for it?

Answer 11

Adipose capsule

Question 12

What structure anchors the kidney?

Answer 12

Renal fascia

Question 13

Provides a temporary storage reservoir for urine

Answer 13

Urinary bladder

Question 14

The light colored, granular superficial region

Answer 14

Cortex

Question 15

Large branches of the renal pelvis that collect urine draining from papillae and empty urine into the pelvis

Answer 15

Major calyces

Question 16

Approximately how much of systemic cardiac output flows through the kidneys each minute?

Answer 16

One fourth (1200ml)

Question 17

What feeds into the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta?

Answer 17

Efferent arteriole

Question 18

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 18

The nephron

Question 19

What are the two parts of a nephron and their function?

Answer 19

Renal corpuscle- blood filtration

Renal tubule- processes filtrate into urine

Question 20

What is the capillary network of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 20

Glomerulus

Question 21

Cup-shaped end of a renal tubule that completely surrounds the glomerulus

Answer 21

Glomerular capsule

Question 22

The glomerulus is a network of what type of capillaries?

Answer 22

Fenestrated

Question 23

Can proteins pass through the glomerulus?

Answer 23

No

Question 24

Cells that wrap around the capillaries are called

Answer 24

Podocytes

Question 25

How many directions of flow are present in the glomerulus?

Answer 25

two; blood and filtrate

Question 26

Composed of cuboidal cells with microvilli that reabsorbs water and solutes from filtrate and secretes substances into it

Answer 26

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 27

Cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more in secretion than reabsorption

Answer 27

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 28

What two cell types are found in the distal convoluted tubule near the collecting ducts?

Answer 28

Intercalated cells and principal cells

Question 29

What is the function of intercalated cells?

Answer 29

Maintain the acid-base balance of the body

Question 30

What is the function of principal cells?

Answer 30

Maintain the body's water and walt balance

Question 31

Do intercalated cells have microvilli?

Answer 31

Yes

Question 32

Do principal cells have microvilli?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

What are the two types of nephrons?

Answer 33

Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary

Question 34

85% of nephrons are what?

Answer 34

Cortical

Question 35

These nephrons are involved in the production of concentrated urine

Answer 35

Juxtamedullary

Question 36

How many capillary beds does each nephron have?

Answer 36

2

Question 37

What are the three major processes of urine formation?

Answer 37

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion

Question 38

What is the pressure responsible for filtrate formation?

Answer 38

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

Question 39

Explain the glomerular filtration forces

Answer 39

55 mmHg of BHP is going out while 30 mmHg of COP is coming in as well as 15 mmHg of CP is coming in

Question 40

What is the net filtration pressure?

Answer 40

10 mmHG going out

Question 41

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 41

125ml/min

Question 42

What is the equation for GFR?

Answer 42

GFR= NFP x Filtration coefficient

Question 43

Filtration coefficient equals

Answer 43

12.5 ml/min

Question 44

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 44

The volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys per minute

Question 45

What is the GFR average in men and women?

Answer 45

Men- 125 ml/min | Women- 115 ml/min

Question 46

What three mechanisms control the GFR?

Answer 46

Renal autoregulation, neural controls, hormonal mechanism

Question 47

Arteriole walls have _____________ that are enlarged, smooth muscle cells

Answer 47

Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 48

Have secretory granules containing renin

Answer 48

Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 49

What system monitors fluid entering DCT and adjusts GFR to maintain homeostasis

Answer 49

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 50

When do the macula densa cells secrete a vasoconstrictor?

Answer 50

When the GFR is too high

Question 51

What does sympathetic activity do to the afferent arteriole?

Answer 51

Constricts it

Question 52

What is released by the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 52

Norepinephrine

Question 53

What is released by the adrenal medulla?

Answer 53

Epinephrine

Question 54

Renin-angiotensin mechanism is stimulated by what nervous system?

Answer 54

Sympathetic

Question 55

When the JG cells release renin, what is triggered?

Answer 55

The Renin-angiotensin mechanism