Ch.3 : Principle Of Pathology Flashcards by Lan Chau

Cancers are diseases at what kind of level?

Cancer are diseases of the genes at the genetic level

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Carcinomas arise from what?

Carcinomas arise from epithelial cells

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Sarcomas arise from what?

Sarcomas arise from connective tissues and the nervous system

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Define pathology

Branch of medicine devoted to the study of diseases

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Define pathophysiology

The discipline that seeks to understand the physiologic effect of a disease on the function of human organism at all level and associate w/changes perceived at the gross anatomical, cellular and sub cellular level

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What are cells?

Basic functional unit of life

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All cells shares the ability to do what?

Shares the ability to produce energy and maintain themselves in a normal functional state (homeostasis)

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What are the function of cells? (5)

Cell function includes: provide nutrients, protection, communication, mobility and reproduction

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Can homeostasis be maintained during prolonged or acute stress?

Yes, homeostasis can be maintained during these circumstances but only with great difficulty.

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How does all disease begin?

All disease begins with cellular injury or malfunction

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What are the irreversible changes?

Cell death (necrosis) 
Changes that are lethal to the cell (apoptosis)

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What are the reversible changes in cells/diseases?

Cellular swelling is the hallmark of reversible change

Able to be reverse when the stressor or stimuli is removed

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What are the 2 types of cell injury?

Irreversible cell injury and Reversible cell injury

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Define apoptosis

Preprogrammed cell death. Many cells are designed to die after a certain point (ex. RBC).

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What happens when apoptosis do NOT occur?

When cells don’t die, it gets mutated, causing proliferation.

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How are dead cells recognized?

Dead cells are recognized by enzymes (macrophages) that consumes them

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What is the reaction that monitors and respond to tissue damage?

Inflammatory reaction

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How is the inflammatory reaction characterized?

Characterized by redness, warmth, swelling and pain

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What kind of a response is the inflammatory reaction/

A complex immunochemical response that is initiated by normal cells that have been injured or damaged

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The intensity of the inflammation depends on what?

The intensity of the response depends on the stimulus

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When does inflammation become chronic?

When it is persistent. It can become damaging

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What is acute inflammation?

When the inflammation subside after a few hours or days

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How does inflammation occur?

Injury: initiate inflammatory Responses
Vascular dilation: increase blood flow (redness,warmth,swell)
Change in pressure and permeability
Swelling increase nerve stimulation and pain sensation

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How is swelling produced?

When there is change in the pressure and permeability increases. This causes fluids to escape into the interstitial space to produce the swelling

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What are some chemicals that gets released into the interstitial space?

Inflammatory mediators and cytokines

What are the agents that causes inflammation? (6)

``` Hypoxia (low oxygen) Microbial infection Ionizing radiation Chemicals Allergic or immune rxn Cancer ```

What is hypoxia?

``` Oxygen deprivation (low level of O2). When there's low level or sometimes even no level of oxygen, cells cannot manufacture energy so organelles fail, lost of membranes so ultimately, cell death ```

What's the MOST COMMON CAUSE OF TISSUE DAMAGE?

Hypoxia

In radiation therapy, how do we see hypoxia?

We see hypoxia as a cardio-respiratory compromise.

What causes hypoxia?

Hypoxia is caused when there is a compression on the SVC (superior vena cava) as a result of lung tumor.

What is SVC Syndrome?

SVC Syndrome is when a tumor compresses or pushes on the SVC, cutting off the return of blood to the heart. This cause swelling to the head and is not treated, can lead to death. It is a radiation emergency.

What is considered a radiation emergency?

SVC Syndrome | Superior vena cava

What is WIDELY RECOGNIZED as the cause of inflammation?

Infections produced by bacteria

What is the number one cause of cell damage in therapy?

Ionizing radiation

What causes desquamation (dry or moist)

High does of radiation that gets absorbed by the skin

Main goal in therapy?

Deliver high dose to the cancer cell while sparring as much healthy tissues as possible

What are other causes of tissue damage?

Chemotherapy Extravasation Immune response Toxicity of chemicals

What are neoplastic growth?

They are local invasion of malignant growth through direct extension

How do cancer travel?

Through blood Lymph nodes Direct extension to nearby tissues

What are the 6 causes of cellular damage?

``` Hypoxia Radiation Chemical Allergic or immune response Neoplasm (cancer) Infections ```

What is the general number one cause of cellular damage?

Infections produced by bacteria

The 6 causes of cellular damage has the potential of producing what?

The 6 causes has the potential of producing free radicals (hydroxyl) which are highly reactive agents that can damage DNA, nucleic acids and other cell components

What is the second leading cause of death in the US

Cancer (there are over 100 types of cancer)

What is the number 1 leading cause of death in the US

Heart disease

What is neoplasia

Neoplasia means New Growth and it applies to an abnormal process in the formation is a neoplasm or tumor

Characteristics of neoplasms

Rapidly growing Can double in size in just days or months Poorly differentiate Not enclosed in a capsule

Characteristic of malignant tumors

Rapidly growing Poorly differentiate Lacks fibrous capsule

Characteristics of a benign tumor

Slowly growing Well differentiated Enclosed in a fibrous capsule

Cancer is divided into what 2 categories?

Sarcomas and carcinomas

what are carcinomas?

Neoplasms that arise from epithelial cell (lines cavities wall) Tendency to invade lymph nodes so PET Scans are very important if carcinomas are suspected

What are sarcomas

Neoplasms that arise from connective tissues, nervous system and cells that are non-epithelial cells. NOT COMMON Tendency to invade blood and travel to lungs

What is the ONLY KNOWN CAUSE OF CANCER?

Radiation exposure

What are chemical compounds that provokes a mutation (initiation)

The compounds are known as initiators

What is the latent period and what happens during this period?

Time between the initiation and the clinical appearance of the disease to show up. Normally it takes years. During this period, the cells may appear normal but may display subtle changes

Many viral infections are precursors to certain cancer later in life. What are some of those infections

HPV (cervical ca) HBV (liver ca) EBV: Epstein Barr virus which leads to mono (lymphoma)

Define anaplastic

Cancer cells that has NO Differentiation

Define plemorphic

Great variability on shape and size of UNDIFFERENTIATED cell (aka anaplastic).

What are nucleic designations?

Changes in the nucleus. They may be undergoing mitosis, appear clumped, appear hyperchromatic (highly pigmented) and/or contain a very prominent nucleus or even multiple nucleus

The hallmark of malignant tumors

The local invasion and destruction of normal tissue.

What are promoters?

Group of chemicals that influences (promotes) cellular growth. It intensify abnormal growth.

Cells have the ability to produce energy and maintain normal function and this is known as?

Homeostasis

The study of the causes or contributing factors to disease is known as?

Etiology

Sarcomas generally arise from all these types of tissues. What are they? (3)

1. Connective tissue cells 2. Nervous tissue cells 3. Mesenchymal tissue cells

Sarcomas does NOT arise from which tissue cell?

Epithelial cells

Tissue death is known as?

Necrosis

Decreased oxygen exposure (oxygen deprivation) is known as?

Hypoxia

Many years may pass after cells are exposed to a carcinogen and when the patient begins to exhibit clinical signs. What is this period of time known as?

Latent period

Which of the following refers to tumor aggressiveness : T, N, M or G?

G: (grade) is referred to as tumor aggressiveness

T/F | Poorly differentiated cells usually indicate a better prognosis for the patient.

False

Ch.3 : Principle Of Pathology Flashcards

(69 cards)