Ch4 Flashcards
1
Q
2 microscope types
Which is more advanced
A
Light and Electron microscopes
Electron microscopes
2
Q
Light microscopes use
A
Lenses to bend light that has passed through a specimen in a way that magnifies the images
3
Q
Electron microscopes use
A
A focused beam of electrons that passes through a specimen or into its surface.
4
Q
2 types of electron microscopes
A
SEM Scanning Electron Microscope
TEM Transmission electron microscope
5
Q
SEM
Stands for
Images the
How does it work
A
Scanning electron microscope
Images the topography/surface of the specimen.
Electrons bounce off GOLD COATED specimen
6
Q
TEM
Stands for?
Images the
How does it work
A
Transmission Electron Microscope
Images the internal structure
Electrons pass through the specimen
7
Q
Magnification
A
Ratio of image size to real size
8
Q
Resolution
A
Minimum distance that 2 points can be distinguished as 2 points.
9
Q
Contrast
A
Accentuates different parts of the sample
10
Q
Brightfeild
Type
Stained or unstained
Pro and con
A
Type of light microscopy
Unstained specimen
+Cell can still be alive
-Contrast sucks/hard to differentiate
11
Q
Brightfield stained
Type
Stained or unstained
Pro and con
A
Light microscope
Stained
+increases contrast
-kills the cell
12
Q
Phase contrast
Type
Stained or unstained
Pro and con
A
Light microscope
Unstained
+changes angles of light increasing contrast
-expensive and uncommon
13
Q
Fluorescence
Type
Result of?
A
Light microscope
Result of molecule absorbing a photon at one wavelength and emitting a photon at another
Colorful
14
Q
Confocal
Type
Used for
It blocks….
Downfall?
A
Light microscopy
For thicker samples
Expensive
Blocks out of focus light with pinhole
15
Q
Cell fractionation
Results in
A
Process of separating cellular components using centrifugation
A pellet and a supernate
16
Q
The speed of the centrifuge
A
Determines what is pelleted.
Low speed=heaviest stuff is pelleted
Small molecules= need high speeds
17
Q
Homogenization
A
Process where cells are lysed releasing their components
Creates uniform homogenate that is put through centrifugation
18
Q
Supernate
A
What did not pellet out
19
Q
Plasma membrane seperates
A
The interior from the exterior of the cell
20
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Everything inside the cell besides the nucleus
21
Q
Organelles
Can be
A
Specialized subunit that has specific function
Membrane bound or non mem bound
22
Q
Membrane bound organelles
A
Nucleus and mitochondria
23
Q
Non membrane bound organelles
A
Ribosomes cilia
24
Q
Cytosol
A
Semi fluid portion of the cytoplasm
(Everything but the nucleus and organelles)
25
Eukaryotic cells do not all
All have the same structure!
26
What organelles are unique to animals
Lysosomes centrosomes flagella
27
What organelles are unique to plants
Chloroplast central vacuole cell wall
28
Where is Prokaryotic dna concentrated
Nucleoid
29
The nucleus’s double membrane is called the ___. It contains
Nuclear envelope (consists of inner and outer membrane)
It contains most eukaryotic DNA
30
Nucleus pores
Regulate transport of materials in and out if the nucleus
31
Chromosome
DNA structure that contains genetic information
32
Chromatin
Complex of DNA and proteins that come together to form chromosomes
33
Ribosomes
Nucleoprotein (rRNA and proteins) complex that synthesize proteins
34
Nucleoprotein
Protein nucleic acid complex
NA bonded to a protein
35
Nucleolous
Site of
Nuclear structure inside the nucleus
Site of ribosome synthesis
36
Ribosomes all have the ability to
Because
To be either free (cystolic) or membrane bound (rough ER)
Because all ribosomes are created equally
37
Location of ribosomes depend on
The proteins being synthesized
38
Free ribosomes synthesize
Cystolic proteins
39
Rough ER bound ribosomes synthesize
Membrane proteins and secreted proteins
40
2 subunits of ribosome
Made up of
Large and small
Large on top and small on bottom
Proteins and ribosomal RNA
41
2 kinds of ribosomes
Free ribosomes
Rough ER ribosomes
42
Ribosomes all have. All ribosomes
The ability to be free or membrane bound. All ribosomes are created equal
43
Location of ribosomes depends
On the proteins being synthesized
44
Free ribosomes synthesize
Cytosolic proteins
45
Rough er bound ribosomes synthesize
Membrane proteins or secreted proteins
46
Ribosome
Made up of
Structure
Nucleoprotein complex that synthesize proteins
(rRNA&proteins)
2 subunits top large bottom small
47
Vesicles
Used for?
Small membrane bound sac that stores and transports materials
Used for autophagy and phagocytosis
48
Smooth ER structure
What is it not involved in
Lacks ribosomes
Not involved in protein synthesis
49
Functions of the smooth er
SCDC
Synthesis of oils phospholipids and steroids
Carb metabolism
Detoxification
Calcium storage
50
Rough ER structure
IS involved in protein synthesis
Has ribosomes
51
Rough ER functions
Protein synthesis
Where carbs are added to protein (glycoproteins)
phospholipid synthesis
52
Things are transported from the rough er to the golgi via
_____ fuse to ___ ______ of
Vesicles
Vesicles fuse to cis face of Golgi apparatus and become a part of it
53
Golgi apparatus
Where things are sorted stored shipped and chemical modifications are made
(Warehouse)
54
Cisface
Receiving side of the Golgi when vesicle fuses
55
Trans face
Where new vesicles form for transport
Shipping side
56
Lysosome
Involved in digestion of macromolecules in animal cells ONLY
57
Food vacuole
Who has them
Membrane bound ORGANELLES formed by phagocytosis
bigger than vesicles
Animals and protists
58
Contractile vacuole
Protists-water regulation
Plants/fungi-enzymatic hydrolysis
Plants-storage of macromolecules
Plants-defense molecules
Plants-Pigment
59
Central vacuole
Plants
Storage of inorganic ions K+/Cl-
60
Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration
Uses oxygen to make ATP from sugars fats and other fuel
61
Cristae
Infolding that increases surface area
62
Structure of mitochondria outside to inside
Outer membrane
Inner membrane space
Inner membrane
Matrix
63
Chloroplast
Contain chlorophyll and enzymes involved in sugar production
Site of photosynthesis
64
Chloroplast structure outside to inside
Outer membrane
Inner membrane space
Inner membrane
Stroma aq
Thylakoid membrane
Thylakoid space aq
65
Thylakoid _____ are stacked in ____
Discs
Granum
66
Do plants have mitochondria
Yes
67
The flattened disc shaped structures stacked in chloroplasts are called
Thylakoid
68
Cytoskeleton
Function?
Network of proteinaceous fibers that extend through the cytoplasm
Function- Cellular structure and motility
69
Motility what is it and how does it occur
Ability to move around
Occurs through interaction of cytoskeleton motor proteins
70
Motor protein
Used for active transport along microtubules
71
Microfilament structure
Strength?
Can form a
Weakest part of cytoskeleton
Linear, twisted, double chain of actin subunits
Can form a branched structure
72
Microfillament functions
Cell shape
Polymerization/depolymerization
Cell movement (pseudopodia)
muscle contraction
Cytoplasmic streaming
73
Intermediate filaments structure
Moderately strong
Different types are made of their own particular protein subunit
Assemble/disassemble in a different way
74
Actin
Same protein repeated over and over
Forms microfilaments
75
Intermediate filament function
Bearing tension/ mechanical stress
76
Pseudopodia
Cytoplasm extension that responds to stimuli (arm like grabber)
77
Cytoplasmic streaming happens when
It is the…
Actin is removed
It is the movement of cytoplasm within a cell
78
Microtubule structure
Originates in the
Strongest
Polymer of tubulin alpha and beta subunits
Originate from centrosome
79
Centrosome
Microtubule organizing center
NOT IN PLANTS
2 centrioles
80
Centrioles
Cylinder organelle made up of 9 triplets of microtubules
81
9+2
Arrangement of microtubules that allows for movement
In cilia and flagella
82
Flagella
Tail/hair like structures that helps cells move
83
Seperates chromosomes during cell division
Microtubule
84
Functions of microtubules
Cell shape, building blocks for cilia/flagella, track for motor proteins, chromosome/cell division
85
Functions of microtubules
Cell shape, building blocks for cilia/flagella, track for motor proteins
86
Cilia
Many short hair like structures
aid in movement, sensing environment, + cell signaling
87
Cell wall
Who has them
3 main functions
Mainly comprised of
Exact composition….
Plants, prokaryotes fungi some protists
Protects and maintains shape
Controls water uptake
Mainly comprised of cellulose
Exact composition varies
88
Extracellular matrix
Mainly comprised of?
Provides…
What protein?
Mainly comprised of glycoproteins and other carb containing molecules
Provides Structural support
Most abundant protein-Collagen
89
Primary cell wall
Thin and flexible
Found in a young plant cell
Outermost cell wall
90
Collagen
Where are fibers embed
What kind is it
What does it do
Most abundant ECM protein
Secreted glycoprotein
Collagen fibers are embedded in proteoglycan matrix
Gives structural integrity/strength
91
Middle lamella
In between the primary cell walls of adjacent cells
Made of pectin
Glues cells together
92
Secondary cell wall
Present in some mature cells (not all)
Between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall
Perforated by channels
93
Proteoglycan
Found in the ECM
Large complex molecule
Long Polysaccharide molecule with core proteins branched off. Carbs branched off proteins.
94
Functions of proteoglycans
Maintaining tissue structure, cell adhesion, and signaling pathways
95
Fibronectin
Binds the ECM to the plasma membrane
96
Tight junction
In ___ tissue
Animal cells
In epithelial tissue
Form a continuous seal around the cell
Prevents leakage
97
Desmosome
Joins the intermediate filaments of adjacent cells
(Cell to cell adhesions like rivets)
98
Desmosomes
Joins the intermediate filaments of adjacent cells
(Cell to cell adhesions like rivets)
99
Plasmodesmata
Contains?
What can pass?
Traverses the cell walls of 2 plant cells creating a channel
Contains cytosol
Only water and small solutes can pass through
100
Gap junction
Physical connection between cytoplasm of adjacent ANIMAL cells
101
Oxidative phosphorylation
Production of ATP using energy derived from electron transport chain
(ETC and chemiosmosis)
Last step of cellular respiration where BULK of ATP is produced
102
Substrate level phosphorylation
Enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP from DIRECT transfer of phosphate group to ADP.
103
Catabolism
Breaking complex molecules into simpler ones.
Potential energy is stored in chemical bonds. Cells break the bonds and use that energy to do work.
Some of the energy is lost as heat
104
What are the two catabolic pathways
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
105
Aerobic respiration
Requires consumption of Oxygen
106
Fermentation vs anaerobic respiration
Fermentation does not require oxygen or ETC
Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen but uses ETC
107
Oxidation
Loss of electrons
108
Reduction
Additional of electrons
109
Proton motive force
Aka the H ion gradient.
Electrons are moving high to low energy
That energy is used to pump H+ out of the matrix into the inter membrane space
Electrons reduce oxygen to form H20
H+ flows down gradient back into matrix
No ATP directly made. Gradient Powers chemiosmosis.
110
Chemiosmosis
When ATP synthase uses energy from H+ concentration gradient to phosphorylate ADP
111
Obligate aerobes
Require oxygen as final electron acceptor
Ex mammals
Use anabolic pathways for INTENSE bursts or energy
112
Facultative anareobes
Can adapt to anaerobic conditions by substituting other electron acceptors for Oxygen
113
Obligate anaerobe
Ex?
Killed or inhibited by oxygen
Dormant stage animals
114
Photosynthesis
Process by which plants covert energy from the sun into stored energy (glucose) and oxygen
115
Autotroph
Can sustain themselves without consuming living things
116
Photoautotroph
Use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic molecules
117
Lithotroph
Use inorganic substrates (minerals) to obtain reducing equivalents required for biosynthesis
118
Heterotroph
Use organic carbon as an energy source
(Consume other organisms)
119
Mesophyll
Contains chloroplast
Interior/middle part of the leaf
120
Stomata
Where gases (co2 and 02) are exchanged
121
Veins
Where water travels through after being absorbed by roots
122
Stroma
Inside of chloroplast
Similar to mitochondrial matrix
123
Thylakoid membrane
Seperates Stroma and thylakoid space
Where chlorophyll is found
124
6 chloroplast compartments outside to inside
Outer membrane
Inner membrane space AQ
Inner membrane
Stroma AQ
Thylakoid membrane
Thylakoid space AQ
125
Chlorophyll
What 2 types are there
Where is it found
Main photosynthetic pigment that absorbs light (NOT GREEN)
A and B
Found in thylakoid membrane
126
Grana
What?
Where?
Why?
Stacks of thylakoids
Suspended in the Stroma
To increase surface area
127
Carbon fixation
Converting carbon into organic compounds like glucose (sugar)
128
Wavelength
The distance between peaks
Lambda
Measured in nm
129
Photon
Particle/quantity of light
130
Antioxidant
Help to absorb excess energy
131
Photosystem
Grouping of structural proteins that contain chlorophyll molecules + a carotenoid
132
What are the 2 photosystems
Light harvesting complex and Reaction center complex
133
Light harvesting complex
Contains proteins and light capturing pigments(chlorophyll)
1. Photon absorbed by chlorophyll
2.photon passed between chlorophylls to specialized chlorophyll pair (in Reaction center)
134
Reaction center complex
Pair of Chlorophyll a molecules are excited
4.electron is transferred to primary e acceptor
5.H20 hydrolyzes replacing electron and creating gradient (drives ATP synthase)
6.e is passed through ETC
135
Primary electron acceptor
What does it do and where
in thylakoid membrane (RC)
Receives excited electrons from chlorophyll a
136
C3 plant
Fixes CO2 into a 3 carbon molecule during photosynthesis
137
Photophosphorylation
The addition of a phosphate to a molecule using light energy
138
Rubisco
Enzyme in Calvin cycle
Catalyzes the addition of a molecule of CO2 to RuBP
139
Photorespiration
What is it and is it good or bad?
When CO2 levels are low, O2 is added to RuBP by rubisco.
No sugar or ATP is made
ATP is consumed
BAD
140
C4 Plants
Plants adapted to arid environments
Take CO2 from atmosphere when stomata are open
Store Carbon for later in 4 carbon molecules
141
What cells allow for C4 plants
Mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells
142
Mesophyll cells have an….
Have an enzyme PEP carboxylase that
Fixes CO2 (acts as a pump)
Carbon product is transported out using plasmodesmata
143
Bundle sheath cells
Receives CO2 from Mesophyll cells via plasmodesmata and uses it to feed the CALVIN CYCLE
144
In C4 plants there is a _____ ______ between steps
Spacial seperation
Steps occur in different cells
145
CAM Plants (Succulents)
NO spacial seperation. Temporal separation (at different times)
Stomata opens at night, and closes during day.
When open-CO2 comes in
When closed-CO2 used for Calvin cycle
146
What enzyme converts NADP and H to NADPH
When does that occur
Where
NADP+ reductase
Last step in Electron transport chain
In the stroma
147
3 anaerobic respiration electron acceptors
Sulfur Nitrate Sulfate
148
Fermentation
Anaerobic respiration
Regenerates NAD+
2 kinds
Conversion of pyruvate to ethanol (alcoholic) or lactic acid
2 ATP per glucose
149
Foods (Proteins fats and carbs) can be used by catabolic pathways to make ATP by
Being converted into intermediates like amino acids, sugars, glycerol, and fatty acids that can eventually be used in the citric acid cycle and OP.
150
Phosphofructokinase
Enzyme in glycolysis that is positively (by AMP) and negatively regulated (by ATP levels).
Regulates ATP production.
