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Bio 120 > Chromosomes > Flashcards

Chromosomes Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Chromosome theory of inheritance

A

Genes are found at specific locations on chromosomes
The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis explains Mendels laws

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2
Q

What do chromosomes have to do with law of segregation

A

When homologous chromosomes (1 from mom 1 from dad) separate during meiosis, alleles are segregated between gametes.

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3
Q

What do chromosomes have to do with independent assortment

A

Alleles on Non homologous chromosomes sort independently during gamete formation

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4
Q

Wild type
Ex?

A

The normal/more dominant/more prevalent phenotype
W+
(Red eyed male fly)

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5
Q

Sex linked trait ex. Flies

A

Sexes inherent phenotypes differently

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6
Q

X-linked gene
Ex. Eye color in flies

A

Genes that are located on the X chromosome.
In F1, all heterozygous
F2, 100% females recessive trait, 50% males recessive.

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7
Q

Birds fish and insects use the _____ system, where _____ are the ones with _______.

A

Z-W
Females are the ones with different sex chromosomes (ZW) & determine offspring sex

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8
Q

Most bees and ants use _____ system, where

A

The haploid-diploid
The females are diploid while the males are haploid

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9
Q

Mammals and some insects use the ___ system where

A

XY
Females are XX and males are XY

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10
Q

Grasshoppers, cockroaches, and some insects use the ____ system, where

A

X-0
Females have 2 copies of the X chromosome
Males only have 1 sex (X) chromosome

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11
Q

Sex linked gene vs x linked gene

A

Sex linked- gene on a sex chromosome
X linked- gene on the X chromosome

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12
Q

X Linked recessive traits

A

If female, can be a carrier (only one recessive X chromosome) or colorblind (2). Must have 2 recessive X alleles to be color blind.
If male, they are either color blind or not, since they only have 1 X.

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13
Q

X inactivation

A

In females 1 of the X chromosomes in inactivated, due to the chromatin being condensed into a structure where genes are inaccessible.

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14
Q

Recombination

A

During meiosis 1, sister chromatid of homologous chromosomes randomly perform crossing over.

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15
Q

Linked genes are genes

A

On the same chromosome

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16
Q

Linkage map

A

Identifying where genes are relative to one another

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17
Q

Non disjunction
Difference when it occurs in M1 vs M2?

A

When homologous chromosomes do not separate during meiosis how they should.
M1- results in all gametes having abnormal chromosome #
M2- 50% normal, 25% (n+)1, 25% (n-1)

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18
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Abnormal number or chromosomes

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19
Q

Monosomy vs trisomy

A

1 copy of a chromosome
3 copies of a chromosome

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20
Q

Polyploidy

A

Having more than 2 sets of homologous chromosomes

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21
Q

Deletion

Study These Flashcards
A

A segment of a chromosome is removed

22
Q

Duplication

Study These Flashcards
A

Repetition of a chromosomal segment

23
Q

Inversion

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A

The order of a segment is reversed

24
Q

Translocation

Study These Flashcards
A

A segment of one chromosome swaps with segment of a non homologous chromosome

25
Homologous vs sister chromosomes
Pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes in the same order (possibility of different alleles) Identical copies of a single chromosome resulting from replication
26
The 3D structure of DNA is called the ___. The two strands are held together via _____.
Double helix Hydrogen bonds
27
Antiparellel structure
One strand of DNA is 5’-3’ while the other is 3’-5’
28
Semi conservative model
When DNA is replicated, half of the new DNA is the original strand while the other half is newly synthesized
29
What causes aneuploidy
Nondisjunction
30
Origin of replication
Where replication begins Prokaryotes-only 1 Euk-multiple
31
Replication fork
Y shaped region at the edges of replication bubble where DNA is being unwound
32
Replication bubble
Where replication is taking place
33
Since eukaryotes have ___ origins of replication, replication occurs
Multiple Both directions and continues until replication bubble extends throughout
34
DNA polymerase Template strand must be read ___ and new stand must be made ____ CAN NOT ____, CAN ONLY ____
Adds new nucletotides 3’ to 5’ and made 5’ to 3’ Add first nucleotide, can only add on
35
Helicase
Creates the replication fork by separating strands of DNA
36
Single strand binding proteins
Help to keep strands of DNA seperate/ from rebinding
37
Topoisomerase
Help keep the DNA stable by decreasing tension. Inserts little breaks in the DNA to decrease tension
38
Primate
Synthesizes an RNA primer
39
RNA primer
Where DNA polymerase can begin adding new nucleotides
40
Nuclear
Recognizes and removes mutated nucleotides
41
DNA ligase
Reconnects (lagging/broken) strands back together
42
Leading strand
When the DNA is being read correctly 3’ to 5’, a leading strand is synthesized 5’ to 3’
43
Leading strand
When the DNA is being read correctly 3’ to 5’, a leading strand is synthesized 5’ to 3’
44
Leading strand
When the DNA is being read correctly 3’ to 5’, a leading strand is synthesized 5’ to 3’
45
Lagging strand
When DNA is being read the wrong direction (5’ to 3’), a series of fragments are made (using RNA primer) and pieced together by DNA ligase
46
Telomeres
Structures added to the tip of chromosomes in S phase Shorten as we age Keeps chromosomes from losing DNA in replication since chromosomes is shortened in replication
47
Telomerase
Enzyme that makes telomeres. Contains RNA template that is used to put down telomere sequence
48
Virus
Infectious agent composed of genetic material that can only replicate inside a host cell Viral genome can be RNA or DNA
49
Viral envelope
Bio membrane. Phospholipid bilayer that helps to infect. Is derived from the membrane of the host
50
Capsid
The protein structure/shell that surrounds the viral DNA/RNA Made up of repeating proteins called capsomere
51
Viruses can be ___ or ____ shaped
Rod shaped or polyhedral
52
Bacteriophage
Has a head and a tail. Head contains the viral Genome, tail attaches to the host cell and inserts genome

Bio 120 (12 decks)

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