Mendel And Genes

Question 1

Scientific method

Answer 1

Observation+Previous knowledge
Hypothesis
Propose experiment
Gather results
Draw conclusions
Next experiment?

Question 2

Character

Answer 2

Heritable feature that varies among individuals (color)

Question 3

Trait

Answer 3

Variant of a character
Character-color
Variants- Purple & white

Question 4

Mendel observed True Breeding which is

Answer 4

When 100% of the offspring have the same traits/phenotype as the parents

Question 5

Mendel formulated the hypothesis that

Answer 5

The color of the offspring is dependent of the color of the parents

Question 6

Mendel tested his hypothesis by

Answer 6

Cross pollinating the P generation of true breeders (one white one purple) to observe the effects on the F1 generation.

Question 7

P generation

Answer 7

The parental generation.
Consists of true breeding parents.
Results in F1 generation.

Question 8

F1 generation

Answer 8

Familial 1 (hybrids)
Result of PxP breeding
All the plants had purple flowers.

Question 9

F2 generation

Answer 9

Result of F1xF1 breeding.
Repeated for several other traits, all resulting in a 3:1 ratio
(3 purples:1 white)

Question 10

Concluded that in F1, only the _____ is present. In F2, _____.

Answer 10

Dominant trait is presented.
Dominant trait is still in majority, but recessive trait is expressed 1/4 times.

Question 11

Locus

Answer 11

Specific location of a gene/DNA sequence on a chromosome

Question 12

Allele

Answer 12

Variation of a gene

Question 13

Dominant allele

Answer 13

Will have phenotype expressed if just 1 allele is present (ex: P)

Question 14

Recessive allele

Answer 14

2 alleles must be present for phenotype to be expressed (pp)

Question 15

Homozygous

Answer 15

2 of the same allele
pp or PP

Question 16

Heterozygous

Answer 16

Different alleles
Pp

Question 17

When Meiosis produces ___ gametes, 1/2 have ___ while 1/2 has ___.

Answer 17

4. 1/2 of each gamete type will have each allele.

Question 18

Punnet square

Answer 18

Allows for prediction of the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes occurring

Question 19

Genotype

Answer 19

Genetic makeup of organism

Question 20

Phenotype

Answer 20

Observable physical traits of an organism

Question 21

Law of segregation

Answer 21

When gametes are formed, two alleles (homologous chromosomes) are segregated so each gamete carries 1 allele.
(One sperm may carry P while the other carries p)

Question 22

Law of independent assortment

Answer 22

Alleles of non homologous chromosomes (different traits) assort independently for each other during gamete formation

Question 23

Carrier

Answer 23

Heterozygous. Does not show recessive phenotype due to presence of dominant allele, but carries the trait.
Child of 2 carriers has 25% chance of having recessive homozygous trait

Question 24

Incomplete dominance

Answer 24

Starts w homozygous true breeders (neither trait dominant)
P- C^RC^R x C^WC^W
F1 100% C^RC^W (pink) 1/2 gametes carry C^R, 1/2 carry C^W
F2 25% C^RC^R 50% C^RC^W 25% C^WC^W
Results in new 3rd phenotype

Question 25

Codominance

Answer 25

If the allele is present in the genotype, it will be expressed. Ex-Blood type

Question 26

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 26

AaBbCc x AaBbCc When a characteristic is controlled by more than one gene

Question 27

Multifactorial/Phenotypic plasticity

Answer 27

Ability to change phenotype based on the environment (Phenotype determined by both genetics and environment)