Ch.4 Hormonal Contrlo Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Nervous system gives … communication
A
Electrical
2
Q
Endocrine system gives … communication
A
Chemical
3
Q
TF: Endocrine system is faster responding and shorter lasting than nervous system
A
False
Slower
Longer
4
Q
Endocrine system maintains homeostasis via
A
Hormones
5
Q
Hormones in the Endocrine system is secreted into…
A
Blood
6
Q
Endocrine system consists of (3)
A
Hormones
Endocrine glands
Hormone receptors
7
Q
TF: Endocrine system is anatomically connected
A
False
Different from other systems
8
Q
TF: Endocrine gland is capable of secreting multiple hormones
A
True
9
Q
TF: Hormone concentrations in plasma are high
A
False
Very low
10^-9mol/L to 10^-12mol/L
10
Q
Endocrine system function: Constantly monitors …. environment
A
Internal
11
Q
Endocrine system function: Coordinates integration of physiological systems during…
A
Rest and exercise
12
Q
Endocrine system function: Maintains homeostasis during…
A
Exercise
13
Q
2 hormone categories
A
Steroid
Nonsteroid
14
Q
Steroid hormones are derived from …
A
Cholesterol
15
Q
Which hormone is lipid soluble and diffuses through membranes?
A
Steroid hormones
16
Q
Major glands that secrete steroid hormones (4)
A
– Testes (testosterone)
– Ovaries (estrogen, progesterone)
– Adrenal cortex (cortisol, aldosterone)
– Placenta (estrogen, progesterone)
17
Q
Two groups of non-steroid hormones
A
– Protein/peptide hormones
• Most nonsteroid hormones
– Amino acid-derived hormones
18
Q
TF: Hormones contact some body tissues
A
False
All
19
Q
How do hormones limit effects to specific targets?
A
By using hormone-specific receptors
20
Q
Hormones bound to receptor
A
Hormone receptor complex
21
Q
No receptor =
A
No hormone effect
22
Q
Location for steroid hormone receptors
A
cytoplasm or nucleus of target cell (intracellular receptor)
23
Q
Location of nonsteroid hormone recpetors
A
Membrane of target cell (cell membrane receptor)
24
Q
Steroid: Hormone receptor complex enters nucleus and binds to … and activates …
A
DNA
Certain genes
25
Steroid: Hormone receptor complex enters nucleus where … synthesizes within nucleus when activated
mRnA
26
Steroid: Hormone receptor complex enters nucleus where mRNA enters … to promote ….
Cytoplasm
Protein synthesis
27
Steroid: Proteins within cytoplasm due to mRNA may be …(e,sp,rp)
– enzymes
– structural proteins
– Regulatory protein that alters enzyme function
28
Nonsteroid: Receptors on cell membrane ➡️ trigger release of intracellular…
Second messengers
29
Nonsteroid TF: Intracellular second messengers lower strength of hormone signal
False
Intensify
30
Nonsteroid TF: Intracellular second messengers lower strength of hormone signal
False
Intensify
31
Nonsteroid: Amino acid derived hormones (2)
• Thyroid (T3, T4)
• Adrenal medulla (epinephrine,
norepinephrine)
32
Nonsteroid: Common second messengers (2)
– Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
– Cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP)
33
Stimulates release of hormones from
anterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
34
Provides ADH for release from posterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
35
Hormones within the Anterior pituitary gland (6) (ACTH,FSH,LH,TSH,P,GH)
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Prolactin
• Growth hormone (GH)
36
APG: Stimulates cortisol release from adrenal glands (H)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
37
APG: Stimulates follicles(H)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
38
APG: Stimulates production of testosterone and estrogen (H)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
39
APG: Controls thyroid hormone release from thyroid gland (H)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
40
APG: directly stimulate the breast to produce milk (H)
Prolactin
41
APG: Stimulates growth (H)
Growth hormone (GH)
42
Major endocrine glands responsible for metabolic regulation during exercise (4)
– Anterior pituitary gland
– Thyroid gland
– Adrenal gland
– Pancreas
43
TF: Hormones released by the Endocrine glands affect metabolism of protein
during exercise
False
Carbohydrates and fat
44
What are the hypothalamic hormone factors that cause APG to secrete hormones? (2) (F,E)
hormone factors:
– Includes both releasing factors and inhibiting factors.
– Exercise increases secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones.
45
APG: Growth hormone affects… (5) (P,B,L,P,S)
– Potent anabolic hormone
– Builds tissues, organs (Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis)
– Long bone growth
– Promotes muscle growth (hypertrophy)
– Stimulates fat metabolism (spares plasma glucose)
46
TF: Growth hormone released during aerobic and resistance exercise is parallel to exercise intensity
False
Proportional
47
APG: Thyroid gland secretes… (2)
triiodothyronine (T3)
and thyroxine (T4)
48
T3 and T4 increase…(6) (Mr,Ps,Ns,Gu,rG,FFA)
– metabolic rate of all tissues (influences RMR)
– protein synthesis
– # & size of mitochondria
– glucose uptake by cells
– rate of glycolysis & gluconeogenesis
– FFA mobilization
49
Location of Adrenal glands
Above each kidney
50
2 parts of adrenal gland
– Adrenal cortex
– Adrenal medulla
51
AM: When stimulated by sympathetic NS, … are released & causes “fight or flight” response
Catecholamine
52
Catecholamine release increases… (4) (Hr,G,L,Bf)
– Heart rate, contractile force, blood pressure
– Glycogenolysis
– Lipolysis
– Blood flow to skeletal muscle
53
Important hormone within adrenal cortex
Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
54
AC: Cortisol… (4) (G,F,pc,a)
– ⬆️gluconeogenesis for fuel
– ⬆️FFA mobilization
– protein catabolism for repair, enzyme production, gluconeogenesis
– Acts as an anti-inflammatory, depresses anti-immune reactions.
55
Location of Pancreas
Located behind and slightly below stomach
56
2 major hormones involving Pancreas
Insulin
Glucagon
57
Gland that controls plasma glucose
Pancreas
58
During … (post-meal) the pancreas releases…
Hypoglycemia
Insulin
59
P: Main function of insulin (h,g,g,g)
[Lowers blood glucose]
– counters hyperglycemia
– ⬆️glucose transport into cells (especially muscle)
– ⬆️glycogenesis
– inhibits gluconeogenesis
60
During … the Pancreas releases…
Hypoglycemia
Glucagon
61
P: Main function of glucagon (h,g,g,)
increase [blood glucose]
– counters hypoglycemia
– ⬆️glycogenolysis (liver glycogen to glucose)
– ⬆️gluconeogenesis
62
ROC TF: Glucose does not need to be available to tissues during exercise
False
Must be
63
During exercise…(2G)
• ↑Glycogenolysis (glycogen ➡️ glucose)
• ↑Gluconeogenesis (FFA, protein ➡️ glucose)
64
Adequate plasma glucose during exercise requires balance between (2G)
– Glucose release by liver
– Glucose uptake by muscles
65
What hormones are major significance during exercise? (G,E,N,C,Gh,TT,I) ⭐️
– Glucagon
– Epinephrine
– Norepinephrine
– Glucagon/Cortisol
- Growth hormone
- T3 & T4
-Insulin
66
Regulation of Carbs: Hormones that ⬆️ circulating glucose (4)
– Glucagon
– Epinephrine
– Norepinephrine
– Cortisol
67
ROC:Circulating glucose during exercise is also affected by the following: GH,T3,T4
– GH: ⬆️FFA mobilization, ⬇️cellular glucose uptake
– T3, T4: ⬆️glucose catabolism and fat metabolism
68
ROC:As exercise intensity increases… (3) (Cr,Gr,mG)
– catecholamine release increases,
– glycogenolysis rate increases (liver, muscles), and
– muscle glycogen is used before liver glycogen.
69
Steroid hormones bind to …
Intracellular receptor
70
Non steroid hormones bind to …
Cell membrane receptors
71
ROC: As exercise duration increases… (Lg,Gu,G,Gl)
– more liver glycogen is used;
– ⬆️muscle glucose uptake ⬆️liver glucose release;
– as glycogen stores⬇️ , glucagon levels ⬆️.
72
ROC: enables glucose uptake in muscle
Insulin
73
During exercise, why do Insulin concentrations decrease?
Increase in insulin sensitivity during exercise requires balance
74
TF: During exercise, less glucose uptake is enabled into cell with less insulin
False
More glucose
75
As glucose uptake levels increase, insulin…
Decrease
76
ROFM: When glycogen is depleted, … … … are needed
Fat energy substrates
77
Review: Which gland secretes multiple hormones
Anterior pituitary gland
78
ROFM: Lipolysis is stimulated by..l (Di,E,N,C,GH)
– (decreased) insulin,
– epinephrine,
– norepinephrine,
– cortisol, and
– Growth hormone
79
ROFM: Lipolysis is simulated via…
Lipase
80
FE: During exercise, water shifts from plasma volume to…
interstitial and intracellular spaces
81
Review: 5 steroid hormones
(testosterone)
(estrogen, progesterone)
(cortisol, aldosterone)
82
Decrease in plasma volume can decrease… and increase …
Blood pressure
Heart strain
83
FE: Glands involved in monitoring fluid levels
and electrolyte balance (3)
– Posterior pituitary gland (ADH)
– Adrenal cortex (Aldosterone)
– Kidneys (not only a target organ; also a gland)
(EPO)
84
FE: Posterior pituitary secretes…
antidiuretic hormone ADH
oxytocin
85
FE,TF: ADH decreases water absorption by kidneys
False
Increases
86
Review: Massive gland in body
Anterior pituitary gland
87
Less water excreted in the ursine
Antidiuresis
88
Review: Which of the following hormone binds to an intracellular receptor?
Cortisol (bc it is steroid hormone)
89
FE: Adrenal cortex secretes…
Aldosterone
90
FEAC: Aldosterone affects increase in … ➡️ increase in …
Na+ retention by kidneys
water retention via osmosis
91
FE: Kidneys release … that targets bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell (RBC) production
Erythropoietin
92
FE,TF: Kidneys are target tissue for ADH and aldosterone
True
93
FE: Kidneys stimulate…(RAAM)
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
94
EF: EPO functions (R,S,C)
– Released in response to low blood O2 in kidneys.
– Stimulates red blood cell production.
– Is critical for adapting to training, altitude
95
RAAM: Kidneys sense…
⬇️
⬇️
Blood volume
Blood pressure
96
Enzyme released by RAAM into circulation
Renin
97
TF: In LUNGS, renin converts angiotensinogen
molecule ➡️ angiotensin I
False
In circulation
98
TF: In the LUNGS, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I ➡️ angiotensin II
True
99
RAAM: Angiotensin II reaches … and stimulates … release
Adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
100
As Aldosterone increases, … … decreases
Plasma volume
101
HR,CI: … relates hormones that affect hunger signals
GI tract
102
CI: Gi Tract: Is stimulated when stomach is full; decreases appetite
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
103
CI Gi Tract: Is released in
small intestine; decreases appetite (2)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
Peptide YY (PYY)
104
CI, GI Tract: Increases appetite
Ghrelin
105
CI TF: Adipose is an endocrine organ
True
106
CI: is released from adipose stores and reduces hunger
Leptin
107
TF: Obese people have high ghrelin, which is why they are always hungry
False
High leptin, but are resistant to
108
CI: Moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise results in
↓ ghrelin temporarily reduces hunger
Acute exercises
109
Does not change ghrelin response in people
who do not lose weight during exercise training
Chronic exercise
