Ch.7 Flashcards by Jibran Qureshi

3 major circulatory elements

Pump (heart)
Channels or tubes (blood vessels)
A fluid medium (blood)

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Blood flow must meet __ demands

Metabolic

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What does heart generate to drive blood through vessels?

Pressure

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6 major functions of Cardiovascular System (DRTTAI)

• Delivers O2, nutrients
• Removes CO2, other waste
• Transports hormones, other molecules
• Temperature balance and fluid regulation
• Acid–base balance
• Immune function

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What side of the heart is pulmonary circulation?

Right side

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What blood does the right side of the heart pump from body to lungs?

Deoxygenated

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What blood does the left side of the heart pump from body to lungs?

Oxygenated

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What side of the heart deals with systemic circulation?

Left side

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Term for cardiac muscle

Myocardium

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What are the characteristics of Left ventricle (MTLB)

-Must pump blood to entire body
-Thickest wall(hypertrophy)
-LV hypertrophied with exercise and with disease
-But exercise adaptations be disease adaptations very different

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Myocardium: ___ __ artery supplies right side of heart

Coronary

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Myocardium: ___ __ artery supplies left side of heart

Left(main) coronary

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Coronary artery disease

Atherosclerosis

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Large, long up branched multinucleated muscle cell

Skeletal muscle cells

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Muscle cell that has intermittent, voluntary contractions

Skeletal muscle cells

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Muscle cell with Ca2+ released from SR

Skeletal muscle cell

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Small, short, branched, one nucleus cell

Myocardial cells

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Muscle cell with continuous, involuntary rhythmic contractions

Myocardial cells

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Muscle cell with calcium-induced calcium release

Myocardial cell

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Calcium induced calcium release:
1. __ spreads along Sarcolemma down _-__

AP
T-tubules

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Calcium induced calcium release:
2. __ receptors in T-tubule are __ and __

DHP (special Ca channel)
Stimulated and open

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Calcium induced calcium release:
3. Extracellular ___ to enter __ but insufficient to cause __

Ca2+
Cell
Contraction

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Calcium induced calcium release:
4. Instead, triggers __ receptors on SR to release __

Ryanodine (another special Ca2+ channel)
Ca2+

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How many fiber types in myocardial cell?

One

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Characteristics of Myocardial fiber type

-High capillary density -High number of mitochondria -Striated

Cardiac muscle fibers connected by regions called __ __

Intercalated discs

Intercalated discs: hold cells together

Desmosomes

Intercalated discs: rapidly conduct action potentials

Gap junctions

Cardiac muscle ability to generate own electri l signal

Spontaneous rhythmicity

TF: Spontaneous rhythmicity allows contraction with external stimulation

False Without

Electrical impulse: __ atrium to ___

Right Throughout the entire heart

Starting point of spontaneous rhythmicity

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

Fastest intrinsic firing rate

About 100 bpm

Pathway of Spontaneous rhythmicity

-SA node -AV node -AV bundle (bundle of His) -Purkinje fibers

SpR: initiates contraction signal and is pacemaker cell in upper RA wall

SA Node

Sinoatrial node stimulates __,__ contraction

Right Atrium Left Atrium

SpR: delays, relays signal to ventricles in RA wall near center of heart

AV node

Atrioventricular node relays signal to __ __ after delay

Atrioventricular bundle

AV node delay allows _,_ to contract before _,_

RA, LA RV,LV

AV bundle relays signal to _,_ and travels along __ __

RV,LV Interventricular septum

AV bundle divides into … and … bundle branches

Right and left

AV bundle sends signal toward … of heart

Apex

… … sends signals into RV, LV and spreads throughout entire ventricle wall

Purkinje fibers

Terminal branches of right and left bundle branches

Purkinje fibers

Purkinje fibers stimulate …,… contraction

RV, LV

Extrinsic control that decreases force of contraction and HR below intrinsic HR

Parasympathetic control

PS control: • Intrinsic HR: • Normal resting HR (RHR): • Elite endurance athlete:

• Intrinsic HR: 100 beats/min • Normal resting HR (RHR): 60 to 100 beats/min • Elite endurance athlete: 35 beats/min

Functions of sympathetic control (IID)

– Increases force of contraction – Increases HR above intrinsic HR – Determines HR during physical, emotional stress

Maximum possible HR in sympathetic control

250bpm

At beginning of exercise, HR ___ due to withdrawal or PNS

Increase

All mechanical and electrical events that occur during one heartbeat

Cardiac cycle

TF: Diastole is twice as small as systole

False Long

1/3 of cardiac cycle time

Ventricular systole

2/3 of cardiac cycle

Ventricular diastole

Blood leftover in ventricle in first 1/3 of cardiac cycle

End-systole volume (ESV)

At end, blood in ventricle of cardiac cycle

End-diastole volume (EDV)

Volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat

Stroke volume

Equation to find stroke volume

EDV - ESV = SV

% of EDV that was SV

Ejection fraction

Equation for EF

SV/EDV = EF

Total volume of blood pumped per minute

Cardiac Output Q

Equation to find Cardiac output (Q)

Q = HR x SV

Resting cardiac output

~4.2 to 5.6 L/min

Vascular system: carries blood away from heart

Arteries

Vascular system: control blood flow, feed capillaries

Arterioles

Vascular system:site of nutrient and waste exchange

Capillaries

Vascular system: collect blood from capillaries

Venules

Vascular system: carries blood from venules back to heart

Veins

Pressure exerted by blood on arterial walls

Blood pressure

– Highest pressure in artery (during systole) – Top number, ~110 to 120 mmHg

Systolic pressure

– Lowest pressure in artery (during diastole) – Bottom number, ~70 to 80 mmHg

Diastolic pressure

Average pressure over entire cardiac cycle

Mean arterial pressure MAP

Equation for MAP

MAP ≈ 2/3 DPB + 1/3 SBP

Force that drives flow

Pressure

Force that opposes flow

Resistance

Flow required by all tissues

Blood flow

Calculating blood flow

Pressure / Resistance

Easiest way to change flow

Change resistance

Diverts blood to regions most in need/changes flow

Vasoconstriction (VC) or vasodilation (VD)

Known as resistance vessels that control systemic resistance

Arterioles

Site of most potent Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation

Arterioles

At rest, what is Q?

5L/min

During heavy exercise, what is Q?

25L/min

At rest, what receives 50% of Q and what receives 20%

Liver,kidneys Skeletal muscle

Arterioles walls can respond to __ mechanisms

Local control

Ability of local tissues to constrict or dilate Arterioles that serve them

Intrinsic control

Strongest stimulus for release of local VD chemicals & builds up local metabolic products

Metabolic mechanisms

Substances secreted by vascular endothelium

Endothelial mechanisms

Local pressure changes can cause VC,VD

Myogenic mechanisms

Myogenic mechanisms: Decrease in pressure causes: Increase in pressure causes:

Vasodilation Vasoconstriction

Redistribution of flow by the nervous system

Extrinsic neural control

What innervates smooth muscle in arteries and Arterioles

Sympathetic nervous system

Increase in sympathetic activity leads to __ vasoconstriction, causes blood flow to _

Increase Decrease

Decrease in sympathetic activity leads to __ vasoconstriction, causes blood flow to _

Decrease Increase

At rest, veins contain __ blood volume

2/3

TF: Venous reservoir can be liberated, sent back to heart and into arteries

Problem of returning blood to the heart

Upright posture makes venous return to heart more difficult

2 mechanisms that assist venous return

Muscle pump One-way venous valves

Blood pressure is maintained by _ _

Autonomic reflexes

4 functions of Baroreceptors (SAEA)

• Sensitive to changes in arterial pressure • Afferent signals from baroreceptor to brain • Efferent signals from brain to heart & vessels • Adjust HR and arterial pressure back to normal

3 major functions of Blood (TTB)

Transportation Temperature regulation Buffers acids from anaerobic metabolism pH balance

Blood volume of men and women

5-6 L in men 4-5 L in women

55-60% of blood volume

Plasma

40-45% of blood volume

Hematocrit

99% of hematocrit <1% <1%

Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets

TF: RBC has a nucleus to reproduce

False No nucleus no reproduce

RBC is replaced regularly via

Hematopoiesis

Oxygen-transporting protein in RBC

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin per RBC

~250 million

Molecular O2 per Hb

Thickness of blood due to RBC

Blood viscosity

TF: Blood is twice as viscous as water

True

If hematocrit increases, viscosity __

Increases

Plasma volume must __ as RBC _

Increase Increase

Ch.7 Flashcards

(114 cards)