Ch.4 Organic Chemistry is the Study of Carbon Compounds

Question 1

Organic chemistry

Answer 1

The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds)

Question 2

What are the major elements of life?

Answer 2

C, H, O, N, S, and P

Question 3

Valence

Answer 3

The bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds that an atom can form

Question 4

What are the four main atoms in organic molecules?

Answer 4

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon

Question 5

What gives carbon covalent compatibility with many different elements?

Answer 5

Its electron configuration

Question 6

What are the four ways that carbon skeletons can vary?

Answer 6

Length, branching, double-bond position, and presence of rings

Question 7

Hydrocarbons

Answer 7

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen (are nonpolar and thus hydrophobic)

Question 8

When hydrocarbons undergo reactions, what occurs?

Answer 8

They release a relatively large amount of energy

Question 9

Isomers

Answer 9

Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements, but different structures and hence, different properties

Question 10

Structural isomers

Answer 10

Differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms

Question 11

Cis-trans isomers

Answer 11

DIffer in the arrangement about a double bond due to the inflexibility of double bonds

Question 12

Cis isomer

Answer 12

The two x’s are on the same side

Question 13

Trans isomer

Answer 13

The two x’s are on opposite sides

Question 14

Enantiomers

Answer 14

Isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms

Question 15

Functional groups

Answer 15

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attracted to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions

Question 16

What seven chemical groups are most important in biological processes?

Answer 16

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups

Question 17

Is the Hydroxyl group polar or nonpolar?

Answer 17

Polar due to the electronegative oxygen

Question 18

What is the compound name of the Hydroxyl group?

Answer 18

Alcohol (specific name usually ends in -ol)

Question 19

Hydroxyl

Answer 19

-OH

Question 20

What are sugars with ketone groups called?

Answer 20

Ketoses

Question 21

What are sugars with aldehydes called?

Answer 21

Aldoses

Question 22

What is the compound name of the Carbonyl group?

Answer 22

Ketone (carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton) or aldehyde (carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton)

Question 23

Does the Carboxyl group act as an acid or a base?

Answer 23

Acts as an acid because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar

Question 24

What is the compound name of the Carboxyl group?

Answer 24

Carboxylic acid or organic acid

Question 25

Carboxyl group

Answer 25

-COOH

Question 26

Does the amino group act as an acid or a base?

Answer 26

Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution

Question 27

What is the compound name of the Amino group?

Answer 27

Amine

Question 28

Amino group

Answer 28

-NH2

Question 29

What happens when two -SH groups react?

Answer 29

They can form a "cross-link" that helps stabilize protein structure

Question 30

What is the compound name of the Sulfhydryl group?

Answer 30

Thiol

Question 31

Sulfhydryl group

Answer 31

-SH or -HS

Question 32

What kind of a charge does the Phosphate group contribute?

Answer 32

Contributes a 1- charge when positioned inside a chain of phosphates and 2- when at the end

Question 33

What does phosphate confer on a molecule when attached?

Answer 33

The ability to react with water, releasing energy

Question 34

What is the compound name of the Phosphate group?

Answer 34

Organic phosphate

Question 35

Phosphate group

Answer 35

-OPO3^2-

Question 36

What does the methyl group affect?

Answer 36

The expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA Affects the shape and function of the male and female sex hormones

Question 37

What is the compound name of the Methyl group?

Answer 37

Methylated compound

Question 38

Methyl group

Answer 38

-CH3

Question 39

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 39

Stores the potential to react with water. The reaction releases energy that can be used by the cell