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AP Biology > Ch.4 Organic Chemistry is the Study of Carbon Compounds > Flashcards

Ch.4 Organic Chemistry is the Study of Carbon Compounds Flashcards

1
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds)

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2
Q

What are the major elements of life?

A

C, H, O, N, S, and P

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3
Q

Valence

A

The bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds that an atom can form

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4
Q

What are the four main atoms in organic molecules?

A

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon

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5
Q

What gives carbon covalent compatibility with many different elements?

A

Its electron configuration

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6
Q

What are the four ways that carbon skeletons can vary?

A

Length, branching, double-bond position, and presence of rings

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7
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen (are nonpolar and thus hydrophobic)

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8
Q

When hydrocarbons undergo reactions, what occurs?

A

They release a relatively large amount of energy

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9
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements, but different structures and hence, different properties

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10
Q

Structural isomers

A

Differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms

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11
Q

Cis-trans isomers

A

DIffer in the arrangement about a double bond due to the inflexibility of double bonds

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12
Q

Cis isomer

A

The two x’s are on the same side

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13
Q

Trans isomer

A

The two x’s are on opposite sides

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14
Q

Enantiomers

A

Isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms

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15
Q

Functional groups

A

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attracted to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions

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16
Q

What seven chemical groups are most important in biological processes?

A

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups

17
Q

Is the Hydroxyl group polar or nonpolar?

A

Polar due to the electronegative oxygen

18
Q

What is the compound name of the Hydroxyl group?

A

Alcohol (specific name usually ends in -ol)

19
Q

Hydroxyl

A

-OH

20
Q

What are sugars with ketone groups called?

A

Ketoses

21
Q

What are sugars with aldehydes called?

A

Aldoses

22
Q

What is the compound name of the Carbonyl group?

A

Ketone (carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton) or aldehyde (carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton)

23
Q

Does the Carboxyl group act as an acid or a base?

A

Acts as an acid because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar

24
Q

What is the compound name of the Carboxyl group?

A

Carboxylic acid or organic acid

25
Q

Carboxyl group

A

-COOH

26
Q

Does the amino group act as an acid or a base?

A

Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution

27
Q

What is the compound name of the Amino group?

A

Amine

28
Q

Amino group

A

-NH2

29
Q

What happens when two -SH groups react?

A

They can form a “cross-link” that helps stabilize protein structure

30
Q

What is the compound name of the Sulfhydryl group?

A

Thiol

31
Q

Sulfhydryl group

A

-SH or -HS

32
Q

What kind of a charge does the Phosphate group contribute?

A

Contributes a 1- charge when positioned inside a chain of phosphates and 2- when at the end

33
Q

What does phosphate confer on a molecule when attached?

A

The ability to react with water, releasing energy

34
Q

What is the compound name of the Phosphate group?

A

Organic phosphate

35
Q

Phosphate group

A

-OPO3^2-

36
Q

What does the methyl group affect?

A

The expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA
Affects the shape and function of the male and female sex hormones

37
Q

What is the compound name of the Methyl group?

A

Methylated compound

38
Q

Methyl group

A

-CH3

39
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Stores the potential to react with water. The reaction releases energy that can be used by the cell

AP Biology (8 decks)

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