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AP Biology > Ch.5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Ch.5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Macromolecules

A

A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction (ex: proteins)

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2
Q

Polymer

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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3
Q

Monomers

A

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer (some have functions of their own)

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4
Q

Enzymes

A

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

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5
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

A reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule

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6
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Reverse of the dehydration reaction; bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule

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7
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Include sugars and polymers of sugars

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8
Q

What are the simplest carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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9
Q

Disaccharides

A

Double sugars consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

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10
Q

What are carbohydrate macromolecules?

A

Polymers called polysaccharides, which are composed of many sugar-building blocks

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11
Q

What are types of monosaccharides?

A

Glyceraldelcyde, ribose, glucose, galactose, and fructose

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12
Q

What are types of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, lactose, and matose

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13
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose

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14
Q

Lactose

A

Galactose + glucose

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15
Q

Matose

A

Glucose + glucose

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16
Q

What are types of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose

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17
Q

Monosaccharides

A

The simplest carbohydrate active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides

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18
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide that is of central importance to the chemistry of life?

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)

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19
Q

What do monosaccharide molecular formulas typically have?

A

Some multiple of CH2O

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20
Q

What does the location of the carbonyl group in sugar affect?

A

Whether a sugar is either an aldose or ketose

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21
Q

What is typically the size of the carbon skeletons of sugars?

A

Ranges from three to seven carbons

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22
Q

Aldoses (aldehyde sugars)

A

Carbonyl group at the end of the carbon skeleton

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23
Q

Ketoses (ketone sugars)

A

Carbonyl group within the carbon skeleton

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24
Q

Trioses

A

Three carbon sugars (ex: glyceraldehyde)

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25
Q

Pentoses

A

Five carbon sugars (ex: ribose)

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26
Q

Hexoses

A

Six carbon sugars (ex: glucose)

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27
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

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28
Q

Function of polysaccharides

A

Some serve as storage material, others as building material for structures that protect the cell

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29
Q

How do plants and animals store sugar for later use?

A

In the form of storage polysaccharides

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30
Q

What is the architecture and function of a polysaccharide determined by?

A

Its sugar monomers and the position of the glycosidic linkages

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31
Q

Starch

A

A polymer of glucose monomers that plants store as granules within cellular structures known as plastids

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32
Q

What does starch represent?

A

Stored energy because the glucose it is made up of is a major cellular fuel

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33
Q

Glycogen

A

A polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively branched (stored by animals)

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34
Q

Where do vertebrates store glycogen?

A

Mainly in liver and muscle cells

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35
Q

Cellulose

A

A major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

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36
Q

What is the most abundant compound on earth?

A

Cellulose

37
Q

What are the two ring forms for glucose called?

A

Alpha (a) and Beta (b)

38
Q

Microfibrils

A

In plant cell walls, they are parallel cellulose molecules held together by hydrogen bonds and grouped into units

39
Q

Purpose of microfibrils

A

A strong building material for plants

40
Q

Chitin

A

The carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeleton

41
Q

What do fungi use chitin for?

A

As building material for their cell walls

42
Q

Lipids

A

Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids that mix poorly, if at all, with water

43
Q

Why are lipids hydrophobic?

A

They consist mostly of hydrocarbon regions

44
Q

What are the most important lipids (biologically)?

A

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

45
Q

Fat

A

A lipids consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule (also called a triglyceride)

46
Q

Fatty acid

A

A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain (usually 16-18 carbons). Fatty acids differ in length and in the number/location of double bonds

47
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton

48
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

49
Q

What is the form of saturated fats at room temperature?

A

The molecules of saturated fats are packed closely together forming a solid

50
Q

What is the form of unsaturated fats at room temperature?

A

The molecules of unsaturated fats cannot pack together closely enough to solidify because of the kinks in some of their fatty acid hydrocarbon chains (thus they stay in liquid form)

51
Q

Trans fats

A

An unsaturated fat formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils and containing one or more trans double bonds

52
Q

What is a major function of fats?

A

Energy storage

53
Q

Where do humans and other mammals store their long-term food reserves?

A

In adipose cells which swell and shrink as fat is deposited and withdrawn from storage

54
Q

Phospholipids

A

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head

55
Q

What do phospholipids form?

A

Bilayers that function as biological membranes

56
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids are characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

57
Q

Cholesterol

A

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids such as many hormones

58
Q

What is an enzymatic protein’s function?

A

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions

59
Q

What is a defensive protein’s function?

A

Protection against disease

60
Q

What is a storage protein’s function?

A

Storage of amino acids

61
Q

What is a transport protein’s function?

A

Transport substances

62
Q

What is a hormonal protein’s function?

A

Coordination of an organism’s activities

63
Q

What is a receptor protein’s function?

A

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

64
Q

What is a contractile/motor protein’s function?

A

Movement

65
Q

What is a structural protein’s function?

A

Support

66
Q

How do enzymatic proteins regulate metabolism?

A

By acting as catalysts

67
Q

Catalysts

A

Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction

68
Q

Polypeptide

A

A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

69
Q

Protein

A

A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure

70
Q

Amino acid

A

An organic molecule that possesses both a carboxyl and an amino group. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides.

71
Q

Peptide bond

A

The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction

72
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

An inherited blood disorder caused by the substitution of one amino acid (valine) for the normal one (glutamic acid) at the position of the sixth amino acid in the primary structure of hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in the red cells

73
Q

Denaturation

A

A process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive

74
Q

Gene

A

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

75
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Polymers made up of monomers called nucleotides

76
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

77
Q

Ribonucleic acid

A

A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single-stranded and have functions in protein synthesis and gene regulation

78
Q

Gene expression

A

The process by which info encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins

79
Q

Nucleoside

A

Portion of a nucleotide without any phosphate groups

80
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Has one six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines

81
Q

Purines

A

Characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine and guanine are purines

82
Q

Deoxyribose

A

The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose

83
Q

Ribose

A

The sugar component of RNA nucleotides

84
Q

Antiparallel

A

Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (run in opposite 5’ S 3’ directions)

85
Q

DNA sequencing

A

Determining the sequence of nucleotides along a DNA strand

86
Q

Genome

A

The entire sequence of the full complement of DNA

87
Q

Bioinformatics

A

The use of computer software and other computational tools that can handle and analyze these large data sets

88
Q

Genomics

A

The systematic study of whole sets of genes (or other DNA) and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species

89
Q

Proteomics

A

The systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties, including their abundance, chemical modifications, and interactions

AP Biology (8 decks)

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