Ch.5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards
1
Q
Four classes of large biological molecules
A
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
2
Q
Macromolecules
A
Large, complex molecules
3
Q
Polymers
A
Long molecules consisting of many similar building blocks.
4
Q
Monomers
A
Repeating units, building blocks.
5
Q
Enzymes
A
Specialized macromolecules that speed up or catalyze chemical reactions. Most are proteins.
6
Q
Ribozymes
A
Enzymes made up of RNA.
7
Q
Dehydration Synthesis
A
When two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule.
8
Q
Hydrolysis
A
When polymers are disassembled into monomers through the addition of a water molecule.
9
Q
Metabolic Water
A
When your body chemically creates water rather than getting it from an outside source like water or the environment.
10
Q
Carbohydrates
A
Sugars and the polymers of sugars. 2:1 ratio.
11
Q
Monosaccharides
A
Monomers in carbohydrates. Simple sugars responsible for major fuel in cells (ATP), and the building material for other molecules.
12
Q
Simple Sugars
A
3-7 C atoms with a carbonyl group.
13
Q
Aldose
A
Aldehyde sugars
14
Q
Ketose
A
Ketone sugars
15
Q
Triose
A
3 C sugar
16
Q
Pentose
A
5 C sugar
17
Q
Hexose
A
6 C Sugar
18
Q
Disaccharide
A
Formed when dehydration synthesis joins two monosaccharides.
19
Q
Glycosidic Linkages
A
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis.
20
Q
Maltose
A
A disaccharide of glucose + glucose. Malt sugar used to ferment/make alcohol.
21
Q
Sucrose
A
A disaccharide of glucose + fructose. Table sugar made by plants and used in baking.
22
Q
Lactose
A
A disaccharide of glucose + galactose. Milk sugar found in dairy products.
23
Q
Monosaccharides you must know
A
Fructose, Galactose, Glucose
24
Q
Glucose
A
Sugar of life, C6H12O6
25
Lactose Intolerance
When someone lacks lactase, so they cannot digest lactose.
26
Lactase
Enzyme that breaks down lactose.
27
Polysaccharides
The polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles.
28
Starch
Short-term energy storage in plants. Stored as granules within chloroplasts and plastids.
29
Amylose
Simplest form of starch.
30
Amyloplasts
Organelles that store starch.
31
Glycogen
Short-term energy storage in animals. Made by vertebrae in the liver, stored in muscle tissue.
32
Cellulose
Structural polysaccharide in plants. Used to build the cell wall. Unbranched and never spirals.
33
Cellulase
Enzyme needed to digest cellulose. NO LIVING ANIMAL CAN DIGEST CELLULOSE
34
Chitin
Strucutral "polysaccharide". Found in the exoskeleton of arthropods. Not technically a true polysaccharide.
35
Cell walls of fungi, exoskeletons of arthropods.
The two places in the natural world where chitin is found.
36
Microfibrils
Parallel cellulose molecules held together by hydrogen bonds; located in plant cell walls and considered a strong building material
37
Lipids
Large biological molecules that don't include true polymers (can't go on forever). Hydrophobic, nonpolar, consist mostly of hydrocarbon regions
Lighter way to store calories, cushions vital organs.
38
Triglycerides
Long-term energy storage (fats and oils). Has 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol.
39
Ester Linkages
Type of bond between the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. Bond positively with our taste receptors.
40
Fats
Solid at room temperature, produced by animals. Saturated with no C-to-C double bonds. Insulation.
41
Adipose Cells
Where humans/mammals store their long-term food reserves; they swell and shrink as fat is deposited and withdrawn from storage
42
Oils
Liquid at room temperature, produced by plants. Unsaturated. One or more C-to-C double bonds (has bending that prevents them from being densely packed).
43
Hydrogenate
Adding H2 to an unsaturated fat, getting rid of the double bond and straightening the kink. Allows the molecule to bond, causing it to turn from an unsaturated fat (oil) to a saturated fat (fat).
44
Phospholipids
The components that make up all biological membranes. Two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol. Polar head group forms hydrogen bonds with water.
45
Phospholipid Bilayer
A fluid double layer of phospholipids in a membrane.
46
Steroids
Characterized by 4-fused C rings.
47
Cholesterol
Does opposite functions depending on whether the membrane is too thick or too thin. Non-polar steroid found in animal membranes as structure. Made in the liver. Precursor molecule that other steroids are made from.
48
Function of cholesterol in high temperatures.
Strengthens the membrane by promoting bonding to fill in gaps in the membrane, preventing it from getting to weak (melting).
49
Function of cholesterol in low temperatures.
Serves as a wedge spacing the bilayer out when it begins to get too dense to prevent freezing.
50
Hormones
Molecules for cell-to-cell communication.
51
Adrenal Glands
Produces adrenaline, fight or flight instinct. Releases mass amounts of steroid hormones.
52
Testosterone and Estrogen
Sex hormones made in the testes and ovaries.
53
Anabolic Steroids
Testosterone mimic. Bonds in such a way that it causes the taker to grow muscle
54
Proteins
Biologically functional molecules that consist of one or more polypeptides.
More variety than any other molecule. Functions for defense, transport, cellular communication (hormones), movement, and structural support.
Constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids.
55
Polypeptides
Unbranched polymers built from amino acids.
56
Peptide Bond
Covalent bond formed between amino acids through dehydration synthesis.
57
Characteristics of amino acid side chains (R-Groups).
Some are non-polar, some are polar. Some are acidic, some are basic. Will NEVER have phosphorus.
58
N-terminus
Amino end of a polypeptide chain.
59
C-terminus
Carboxyl end of a polypeptide chain.
60
Antibodies
Defense proteins that bond to molecules to deactivate them.
61
Virus
Non-living (no cells) protein and genetic molecule. Infective particles. Spreads through infecting a living cell and hijacking it to spread. Bond to receptors on the surface of the cell.
62
Vaccines
Injects deactivated virus into our systems so our immune system can create antibodies against it.
63
B lymphocytes
Form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
64
Four levels of protein structure
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
65
Primary Structure
Order of amino acids. Most important structure because it gives rise to the other levels.
66
Secondary Structure
Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets. Regions of coiling or back-and-forth folding of part of the polypeptide. Caused by hydrogen bonding between the NCC backbone, not R-Groups.
67
Alpha Helix
Elastic coiling.
68
Beta pleated sheets
Rippled strands that are usually smooth.
69
Tertiary Structure
Overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide. Caused by weak bonding and disulfide bridges amongst R-Groups.
70
Quaternary Structure
Overall 3D shape of a protein that has more than one polypeptide chain.
71
Collagen
3 polypeptides (alpha helixs) all wound together like a rope. Elastic, and found in the skin.
72
Globular Protein
Roughly spherically shaped proteins. If it folds into a blob its a glob.
73
Fibrous Protein
Strands of protein.
74
Defensive Protein
Protection against disease
75
Storage Protein
Storage of amino acids
76
Hormonal Protein
Coordination of an organism's activities
77
Receptor Protein
Response of cell to chemical stimuli
78
Contractile/Motor Protein
Movement
79
Hemoglobin
Carries oxygen in the body.
80
Prosthetic Group
A non-protein group that bonds to a protein to help it perform its function.
81
Heme Group
Binds oxygen to iron.
82
Denaturation
Affects (usually breaking) weak bonds.
83
Best ways to denature a protein.
Heat, change in pH, increase in salt concentration, changing solvent from polar to non-polar
84
Two types of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
85
Cytoplasm
Everything outside the nucleus (including organelles) within the plasma membrane.
86
Cytosol
The viscous liquid in the cell where organelles are suspended.
87
Nucleotides
Monomers of nucleic acids.
88
Nucleoside
Portion of a nucleotide without any phosphate groups
89
Three parts of nucleotides.
1. 5-C sugars (pentose)
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous bases
90
5 N-Bases
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
91
Ribose
Pentose in RNA
92
Deoxyribose
Pentose in DNA
93
N-Bases in DNA
A, C, G, T
94
N-Bases in RNA
A, C, G, U
95
Purines
2 fused rings, A, and G.
96
Pyrimidines
1 ring, C, T, and U.
97
Replication
Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA
98
Transcription
Making DNA into mRNA
99
Translation
Making proteins from mRNA
100
DNA -> mRNA -> Protein
The Central Dogma
101
Ribsomes
Reads the code of mRNA; is a large subunit bonded to a small subunit; only exists when doing translation
102
Gene
A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA
103
Gene expression
The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
104
Antiparallel
Arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (run in opposite 5' S 3' directions)
105
Genome
The entire sequence of the full complement of DNA
