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AP Biology > Ch.6 A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Ch.6 A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Light Microscope

A

An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens

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2
Q

Organelles

A

Any of several membranes-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

Electron Microscope

A

A microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on/through a specimen, resulting in a practical resolution that is 100x greater than a light microscope

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4
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

A microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections stained w/metal atoms and is primarily used to study the internal structure of cells

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5
Q

Cell Fractionation

A

The disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation at successively higher speeds

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6
Q

Cells

A

The basic structural and functional units of every organism

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7
Q

Cytosol

A

Semifluid portion of the cytoplasm in which subcellular components are suspended

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8
Q

Nucleoid

A

A non-membrane enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosome is located

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9
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

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10
Q

Prokaryote Cell

A

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

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11
Q

Fimbriae

A

Attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes

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12
Q

Cell Wall

A

Rigid structure outside the plasma membrane

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13
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Outer coating of many prokaryotes consisting of a capsule or a slime layer

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14
Q

Flagella

A

Locomotion organelles of some prokaryotes

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus

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16
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell’s chemical composition

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17
Q

Microvilli

A

Long, thin projections from cells surface which increase surface area without an appreciable increase in volume

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18
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up of chromatin

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19
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the ER

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20
Q

Pore Complex

A

A protein structure that lines each pore and plays an important role in regulating the entry and exit of proteins and RNAs, as well as large complexes of macromolecules

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21
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

A netlike array of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and helps maintain the shape of the nucleus

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22
Q

Nuclear Matrix

A

A framework of protein fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior

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23
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures that carry the genetic information. Each contains one long DNA molecule associated with many proteins.

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24
Q

Nucleolus

A

A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along w/ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

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25
Q

Ribosomes

A

A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and small subunit

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26
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

Are suspended in the cytosol and make proteins that function within the cytosol

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27
Q

Bound Ribosomes

A

Ribosomes that are attached to the outside of the ER or nuclear envelope

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28
Q

Functions of Bound Ribosomes

A

Make proteins that are destined for insertion into membranes, packaging within certain organelles such as lysosomes, or export from the cell (secretion)

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29
Q

Endomembrane System

A

The collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles

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30
Q

Organelles of the Endomembrane System

A

Nuclear Envelope
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma Membrane

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31
Q

Vesicle

A

A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell whose job is to pinch off from one membrane, transport proteins to another organelle, and then fuse with it

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32
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous w//the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions

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33
Q

Smooth ER

A

Portion of ER that is free of ribosomes

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34
Q

Rough ER

A

Portion of the ER with ribosomes attached

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35
Q

Functions of Smooth ER

A

Synthesizes lipids
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Detoxifies drugs and poisons
Stores calcium ions

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36
Q

Functions of Rough ER

A

Is a membrane factory for the cell; all of our membrane proteins are made and inserted into the membrane of the rough ER

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37
Q

Functions of Bound Ribosomes at Rough ER

A

Make three types of proteins:
Membrane Proteins
Proteins that are going to be exported or secreted by the cell
Proteins that are going to be sent to a specific location

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38
Q

Glycoproteins

A

A protein w/one or more covalently attached carbohydrates; rough ER ribosomes secrete glycoproteins

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39
Q

Transport Vesicles

A

A small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell

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40
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the ER and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbohydrates

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41
Q

Functions of the Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies products of the ER
Manufactures certain macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

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42
Q

Cisternae

A

Flattened membranous sacs in the Golgi

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43
Q

Cis Face of Golgi

A

Receives vesicles containing ER products

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44
Q

Trans Face of Golgi

A

Dispatches vesicles

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45
Q

Lysosomes

A

A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists

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46
Q

Where are hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes made?

A

Made by the rough ER and then transferred to Golgi for further processing

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47
Q

Function of Lysosomes

A

Carry out intracellular digestion (….)

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48
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals

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49
Q

Macrophages

A

A type of white blood cell that helps defend the body by engulfing and destroying bacteria and other invaders

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50
Q

Autophagy

A

When lysosomes use enzymes to recycle the cell’s organelles and macromolecules; by digesting big macromolecules/polymers, the monomers can then move out of the food vacuole and into the cytosol and can be used for the cell

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51
Q

Food Vacuoles

A

Formed by phagocytosis; a lysosome fuses w/the food vacuole and digests the molecules; afterward, it can fuse w/the plasma membrane and dump any materials that might be left inside

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52
Q

Lipases

A

A digestive enzyme that breaks down certain lipids

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53
Q

Vacuoles

A

A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells; is formed when two vesicles fuse

54
Q

Contractile Vacuoles

A

A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists

55
Q

Central Vacuole

A

In a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac w/diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances

56
Q

Cell Sap

A

Solution inside the central vacuole; is the plant cell’s main repository of inorganic ions including potassium and chloride

57
Q

Cristae

A

An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion; The inner membrane houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP

58
Q

Intermembrane Space of Mitochondria

A

Region between the inner and outer membranes

59
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane, containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, and ribosomes and DNA

60
Q

Mitochondria

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration, uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesizes ATP

61
Q

Chloroplasts

A

An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide to water; converts solar energy to chemical energy

62
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A

Mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host cell, then evolved into a single organism

63
Q

Endosymbiont

A

A cell living within another cell

64
Q

Similarities Between Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

A

Have two membranes surrounding them
Contain ribosomes as well as circular DNA molecules associated w/their inner membranes
Autonomous organelles that grow and reproduce within the cell

65
Q

Thylakoids

A

A flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast; their membranes contain molecular “machinery” used to convert light energy to chemical energy

66
Q

Grana

A

A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast; they function in the light reactions of photosynthesis

67
Q

Stroma

A

The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; is involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water

68
Q

Three Compartments of the Chloroplast

A

Intermembrane space
Stroma
Thylakoid space

69
Q

Plastid

A

One of a family of closely related organelles that include chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts; plastids are found in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes

70
Q

Amyloplast

A

Colorless organelle that stores starch (amylose), particularly in roots and tubers

71
Q

Chromoplast

A

Has pigments that give fruits and flowers their orange and yellow hues

72
Q

Peroxisme

A

An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen (O2), producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); some peroxisomes use oxygen to break fatty acids down into smaller molecules

73
Q

Role of Peroxisomes in Liver

A

Detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds by transferring hydrogen from the poisonous compounds to oxygen

74
Q

Glyoxysomes

A

Specialized peroxisomes that are found in fat-storing tissues of plant seeds; contain enzymes that initiate the conversion of fatty acids to sugar, which the seedling uses as a source of energy

75
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions

76
Q

Cell Motility

A

Includes both changes in cell location and movements of cell parts; generally requires interaction of the cytoskeleton w/motor proteins

77
Q

Motor Proteins

A

A protein that interacts w/cytoskeletonal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell

78
Q

Mictrotubules

A

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that make up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella

79
Q

Tubulin Protein

A

A dimer (a molecule made up of two subunits ); consists of two slightly different polypeptides, a tubulin and B tubulin

80
Q

Centrosome

A

A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division; centrosome has two centrioles

81
Q

Centrioles

A

A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a “9+0” pattern; centrioles are each composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring

82
Q

Flagella

A

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. Like motile cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a core w/nine other doublet microtubules (the “9+2” arrangement) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane

83
Q

Cilia

A

A short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells. A motile cilium is specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell; it is formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules (the “9+2” arrangement) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane

84
Q

Basal Body

A

A eukaryotic cell structure consisting of a “9+0” arrangement of microtubule triplets. The basal body may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum and is structurally very similar to a centriole.

85
Q

Dyneins

A

A large motor protein extending from one microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet. ATP hydrolysis drives changes in dynein shape that lead to the bending of cilia and flagella.

86
Q

Microfilaments

A

A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or w/myosin to cause cell contraction; also called an actin filament

87
Q

Actin

A

A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other forming microfilaments (actin filaments) in muscle and other kinds of cells; involved in muscle contractions

88
Q

Structural Role of Microfilaments

A

To bear tension (pulling forces) and to help support the cells shape

89
Q

Cortex

A

The outer region of cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell, lying just under the plasma membrane, has a more gel-like consistency than the inner regions due to the presence of multiple microfilaments

90
Q

Myosin

A

A type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction

91
Q

Pesudopodium

A

A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding

92
Q

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving interactions of myosin and actin filaments, that speed the distribution of materials within cells

93
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments; specialized for bearing tension, are more permanent fixtures of cells and play an important role in reinforcing the shape of a cell and fixing the position of certain organelles

94
Q

Cell wall

A

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists; polysaccharides such as cellulose (in plants), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are important structural components of cell walls

95
Q

Primary Cell Wall

A

In plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a young cell

96
Q

Middle Lamella

A

A thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells; glues adjacent cells together

97
Q

Secondary Cell Wall

A

In plant cells, a strong and durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane and provides protection and support

98
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

The meshwork of surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by cells

99
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins with covalently bonded carbohydrates, usually short chains of sugars

100
Q

Collagen

A

A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone’ the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom

101
Q

Proteoglycans

A

A large molecule consisting of a small core protein w/many carbohydrate chains attached, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells; collagen fibers are embedded in a network of proteoglycans

102
Q

Fibronectin

A

An extracellular glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attach to the extracellular matrix

103
Q

Integrins

A

In animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein with two subunits that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton; transmits signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton and thus integrates changes occurring outside and inside the cell

104
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

An open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between the cells (unify the plant into one living continuum)

105
Q

Tight Junctions

A

A type of intercellular junction between animal cells that prevents the leakage of material through the space between cells

106
Q

Desmosomes

A

A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as a rivet, fastening cells together

107
Q

Gap Junction

A

A type of intercellular junction in animal cells, consisting of proteins surrounding a pore that allows the passage of materials between the cells

108
Q

Cell Fractionation

A

Take cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another

109
Q

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

A

Similarities:
Plasma membrane
Semifluid substance called cytosol
Chromosomes
Ribosomes

Differences:
Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles

110
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical bacteria

111
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod-shaped bacteria

112
Q

Spirilla

A

Spiral shaped bacteria

113
Q

Strepto

A

When bacteria grows and divides and forms chains

114
Q

Staphylo

A

When bacteria grows and divides and forms clusters

115
Q

Amphipathic

A

Have a polar (hydrophilic) region and a nonpolar (hydrophobic) region; phospholipids are amphipathic

116
Q

Chromatin

A

The active form of DNA

117
Q

Histones

A

The proteins that the double helix of the DNA wraps around

118
Q

Nuclear Organizer

A

Puts ribosomal RNA and proteins together to make ribosomes

119
Q

Macrophages

A

Eat bacteria and other things that enter the wound

120
Q

Chaperonins

A

Help in the folding of the protein

121
Q

Tonoplast

A

The membrane of the central vacuole

122
Q

Dehydrogenases

A

Enzymes present in peroxisomes that are going to remove two hydrogens from a molecule and bond it to O2; the intent is to make the R, H202 is a byproduct of the reaction

123
Q

Catalase

A

Speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas

124
Q

Microtubules Functions

A

Serve as the tracks to move vesicles and certain organelles from one place to another; maintenance of cell shape; cell motility; chromosome movements in cell division

125
Q

Microfilaments Functions

A

Maintenance of cell shape (tension-bearing elements); changes in cell shape; muscle contraction; cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells; cell motility (as in amoeboid movement); division of animal cells

126
Q

Cell Motility

A

When cells move from place to place; the cell creeps along because the actin is creating the forces to push the cytosol against the plasma membrane and cause the cell to expand in that area and move slowly forward

127
Q

Protein Pairs

A

Actin and myosin
Tubulin and kinesin
Tubulin and dynein

128
Q

Actin & Mysoin (Microfilaments)

A

Help muscles do their key work; Working together will move the cytosol and push it out against the plasma membrane, expanding a section of the cell in that direction

129
Q

Tubulin & Dynein (Microtubules)

A

Responsible for the bending motion of the cilia and flagella

130
Q

Tubulin & Kinesin (Microtubules)

A

Moves vesicles from one place to another within the cell

131
Q

Sarcomene

A

The smallest unit of a muscle cell that contracts

AP Biology (8 decks)

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