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kine 4800 biomechanics > Ch.4 pt 1 > Flashcards

Ch.4 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bone tissue that has 5%-30% of the bone volume occupied by non mineralized tissue is known as __ __.

A

cortical bone

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2
Q

What is primarily determined by calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate?

A

Stiffness and comprehensive strength

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3
Q

What is provided by a protein called collagen?

A

Flexibility and tensile strength

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4
Q

Water makes up __%-__% of total bone weight.

A

25%-30%

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5
Q

Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate make up __%-__% of dry bone weight.

A

60%-70%

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6
Q

T/F: The more porous the bone, the smaller the proportion of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.

A

True

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7
Q

Bone tissue with 30% greater than 90% of bone volume that is occupied by non-mineralized tissue is known as spongy, cancellous, or __.

A

trabecular bone

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8
Q

The central skeleton is made up of…?

A

The skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs

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9
Q

The peripheral skeleton is made up of…?

A

The bones composing the body appendages

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10
Q

What is a consequence of the anisotropic property of bone?

A

It makes bone strongest in resisting compressive stress and weakest in resisting shear stress.

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11
Q

What bones serve as shock absorbers?

A

Short bones

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12
Q

What bones protect the underlying organs and soft tissues?

A

Flat bones

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13
Q

What bones support the weight of the superior body parts?

A

Irregular bones

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14
Q

What bones form the framework of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Long bones

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15
Q

The tibia and femur…(2 answers)

A

1.) Are large and massive to support the weight of the body.
2.) Contain a central hollow area known as the medullary cavity or canal.

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16
Q

During circumferential growth, while osteoblast activity occurs in the periosteum, bone is reabsorbed or eliminated around the circumference of the __ __, so that its diameter is continually enlarged.

A

medullary cavity

17
Q

The term __ is used to describe a surface containing cavities and is a characteristic that varies across bones.

A

porous

18
Q

Cortical and trabecular bone exhibit different strength and stiffness in response to forces applied from different directions. In this context, both cortical and trabecular bone are __.

A

anisotropic

19
Q

What type of bone is the femur?

A

A long bone

20
Q

What type of bone is the sacrum?

A

An irregular bone

21
Q

What type of bone is the scapula?

A

A flat bone

22
Q

What type of bones are the carpals?

A

Short bones

23
Q

Long bones contain a central hollow area known as the __ __.

A

Medullary cavity

24
Q

During circumferential growth of bone, the internal layer of the __ builds concentric layers of new bone tissue on top of existing ones.

A

Periosteum

25
Q

Longitudinal growth of a bone is terminated during or shortly following adolescence when the __ __ disappears and the bone fuses.

A

epiphyseal plate

26
Q

What two specialized cells are responsible for changes in bone size and shape during circumferential bone growth?

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

27
Q

T/F: Age-related changes in bone volume and density are much more pronounced in women than in men.

A

True

28
Q

Cancellous bone has a honeycomb structure with mineralized vertical and horizontal bars, which form cells filled with marrow and fat. These bars are known as __.

A

trabeculae

29
Q

The __ __ is a self-lubricating layer of firm, flexible connective tissue that protects the articulating ends of long bones from wear at points of contact with other bones.

A

articular cartilage

30
Q

Compact mineralized connective tissue with low porosity that is found in the shafts of long bones is known as __ __.

A

cortical bone

31
Q

Less compact mineralized connective tissue with high porosity that is found in the ends of long bones and in the vertebrae is known as __ __.

A

trabecular bone

32
Q

What property of bone has the ability to resist pressing or squeezing force?

A

Compressive strength

33
Q

What property of bone has the ability to resist pulling or stretching force?

A

Tensile strength

34
Q

What property of bone has a ratio of stress to strain in a loaded material?

A

Stiffness

35
Q

What are the nominal subdivisions of the human skeletal system?

A

The axial and appendicular skeleton

36
Q

What is true of the age-related, progressive decline of bone density and bone strength that is experienced by both men and women?

A

It involves a progressive diminishment in the mechanical properties and general toughness of bone.

37
Q

What is true of the porosity of bone?

A

The more porous the bone, the smaller the proportion of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.

38
Q

What type of bone cells are specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue during circumferential growth?

A

Osteoblasts

39
Q

What type of bone cells are specialized bone cells that resorb bone tissue during circumferential growth?

A

Osteoclasts

kine 4800 biomechanics (21 decks)

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