CH8

Question 1

A group commonly consists of people who do which of the following?

a. Avoid each other to prevent any trouble
b. Interact on a regular basis and have emotional ties to each other
c. Interact on a case-by-case basis and have emotional ties to each other
d. Interact on a case-by-case basis and have no emotional ties to each other

Answer 1

b. Interact on a regular basis and have emotional ties to each other

Question 2

When members of a group depend on one another to achieve group goals and when events that affect one member also affect others in the group, this is known as _____.

a. interdependence
b. independence
c. intersectionality
d. intuition

Answer 2

a. interdependence

Question 3

The flight crew consisting of pilot, co-pilot, navigator, head flight attendant, and other flight attendants is an example of a socio-emotional group. (TF)

Answer 3

FALSE (It is an example of a work group or a task-oriented group)

Question 4

Several interdependent people who have emotional ties and interact on a regular basis

Answer 4

group

Question 5

Interdependence does not imply that events that affect one group member affect others in the group as well. (TF)

Answer 5

False (Events that affect one member can affect others as well.)

Question 6

People join groups for the accomplishment of instrumental tasks and also for which of the following?

a. Ignoring social-emotional needs
b. Dissemination of social-economical needs
c. Health of the group
d. Satisfaction of socio-emotional needs

Answer 6

d. Satisfaction of socio-emotional needs

Question 7

A theory of group membership describing the changes that occur over time in members and in the group due to their mutual influence and interdependence

Answer 7

temporal model of group membership

Question 8

In a collectivist culture, phases of group membership are more affected by tension between the individual and the group. (TF)

Answer 8

FALSE (In a collectivist culture, phases of group membership are less affected by tension between the individual and the group.)

Question 9

When individuals and groups try to persuade the other to meet each other’s needs and expectations, it is referred to as the investigation phase. (TF)

Answer 9

FALSE (In the investigation phase, the group seeks people who seem likely to attain group goals, and prospective members seek groups that provide the opportunity to satisfy personal needs.)

Question 10

The three psychological processes that propel people into and out of groups are ongoing evaluations, feelings of commitment, and role transitions. (TF)

Answer 10

TRUE

Question 11

A theory that the development of group status is based on members’ expectations of others’ probable contributions to the achievement of group goals, and that these expectations are shaped not only by members’ task-relevant characteristics but also by diffuse-status characteristics, such as race, sex, age, and wealth

Answer 11

expectation states theory

Question 12

Social psychologists have identified a number of common elements. The most important are social norms, social roles, and status systems. (TF)

Answer 12

true

Question 13

What are social roles?

a. Clusters of socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are expected to fulfill
b. Clusters of individually defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are expected to fulfill
c. An individual instance that provides an expectation that members can choose to follow
d. Clusters of socially defined expectations that individuals are not expected to fulfill

Answer 13

a. Clusters of socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are expected to fulfill

Question 14

Social _____ are the expected standards of behaviors and beliefs established and enforced by a group.

a. norms
b. standards
c. seeding
d. studies

Answer 14

a. norms

Question 15

The joy expressed by citizens following their nation’s military and political successes is an example of BIRGing. (TF)

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

identification with and embracing of ingroup success is known as

Answer 16

basking in reflected glory (BIRGing)

Question 17

To protect self-esteem, we may psychologically distance ourselves from the group, a process called

Answer 17

cutting off reflected failure (CORFing)

Question 18

Staci’s sorority sister was just elected to be mayor of her town. She brags to everyone she knows about her sorority sister’s achievements. Staci is participating in what type of group identification?

a. Cutting off reflected failure
b. Group self-esteem
c. Basking in reflected glory
d. In-grouping

Answer 18

c. Basking in reflected glory

Question 19

Christina’s company is having layoffs and cutting staff. When asked about it, she exclaims that she is already looking for a new role. Christina is engaging in what type of behavior?

a. Cutting off reflected failure
b. Group self-esteem
c. Basking in reflected glory
d. In-grouping

Answer 19

a. Cutting off reflected failure

Question 20

As social cohesion increases, we are less willing to sacrifice for the good of the group (TF)

Answer 20

False (We are more willing to sacrifice for the good of the group.)

Question 21

Gossip conveys negative information about others and frequently occurs when a group member violates social norms. (TF)

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

A group commonly consists of people who do which of the following?

a. Avoid each other to prevent any trouble
b. Interact on a regular basis and have emotional ties to each other
c. Interact on a case-by-case basis and have emotional ties to each other
d. Interact on a case-by-case basis and have no emotional ties to each other

Answer 22

b. Interact on a regular basis and have emotional ties to each other

Question 23

When members of a group depend on one another to achieve group goals and when events that affect one member also affect others in the group, this is known as _____.

a. interdependence
b. independence
c. intersectionality
d. intuition

Answer 23

a. interdependence

Question 24

The enhancement of dominant responses due to the presence of others

Answer 24

social facilitation

Question 25

The evaluation apprehension explanation states that when an animal (human or otherwise) is working on a task in the presence of other conspecifics, it experiences conflict regarding whether to attend to its companions or the task at hand. (TF)

Answer 25

False (This describes the distraction-conflict theory.)

Question 26

Social psychologists describe the social _____ effect as the result of the presence of others. It can enhance the speed with which people perform relatively simple tasks, whereas it inhibits task efficiency in more complex activities. a. performance b. facilitation c. dominance d. loafing

Answer 26

b. facilitation

Question 27

In the _____ theory, when an animal is working on a task in the presence of its companions, it experiences conflict regarding whether to attend to its companions or the task at hand. a. distraction-conflict b. member cohesion c. social loafing d. social facilitation

Answer 27

a. distraction-conflict

Question 28

Group-induced reduction in individual output when performers’ efforts are pooled and cannot, therefore, be judged, is known as _____. a. social loafing b. social exclusion c. distraction-conflict d. social dependency

Answer 28

a. social loafing

Question 29

_____ occurs when individuals are concerned over being judged by others within the group. a. Social apprehension b. Social facilitation c. Evaluation apprehension d. Presence apprehension

Answer 29

c. Evaluation apprehension

Question 30

_____ hypothesizes that the presence of other people in a situation makes one less personally responsible for the events that occur in that situation. a. Performance distraction b. Acceptance of responsibility c. Social dominance d. Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 30

d. Diffusion of responsibility

Question 31

Group-induced reduction in individual output when performers’ efforts are pooled and cannot, therefore, be individually judged

Answer 31

social loafing

Question 32

The belief that the presence of other people in a situation makes one less personally responsible for the events that occur in that situation

Answer 32

diffusion of responsibility

Question 33

A likely explanation for social facilitation is that when people work in a group, they realize that their individual output will be “lost in the crowd.” As a result, they feel less personally responsible for the outcome, and their performance effort declines. (TF)

Answer 33

false (This explains social loafing.)

Question 34

When individual effort in a group can be identified and evaluated, social loafing is _____. a. greatly increased b. intermittent c. terminated completely d. greatly reduced

Answer 34

d. greatly reduced

Question 35

The loss of a sense of individual identity and a loosening of normal inhibitions against engaging in behavior that is inconsistent with internal standards

Answer 35

deindividuation

Question 36

The loss of a sense of individual identity and a loosening of inhibitions that would normally be against engaging in behavior that is inconsistent with internal standards is known as _____. a. inhibition suppression b. group performance c. social loafing d. deindividuation

Answer 36

d. deindividuation

Question 37

All group members must agree on the same position before a decision is finalized.

Answer 37

Unanimity rule

Question 38

A group opts for whatever position is held by more than 50% of its members.

Answer 38

Majority-wins rule:

Question 39

When there is no clear majority, the group opts for the position that has the most support.

Answer 39

Plurality-wins rule:

Question 41

During the implementation stage, the group gathers information, identifies possible solutions, and evaluates them. (TF)

Answer 41

FALSE (This is the discussion stage.)

Question 41

Common decision rules include unanimity rule, majority-wins rule, and plurality-wins rule. (TF)

Answer 41

TRUE

Question 42

Groups that use the plurality-wins rule are not only more thorough in discussing the issues but are also more likely to use compromise in reaching a decision; not surprisingly, this results in greater satisfaction with the final decision. (TF)

Answer 42

False (This is true of groups using the unanimity rule.)

Question 43

Group-produced enhancement or exaggeration of members’ initial attitudes through discussion

Answer 43

group polarization

Question 44

According to the social comparison perspective, group discussion is driven by the desire to arrive at the correct or true solution. Here, the sheer strength of the arguments offered for certain decision choices is relevant (informational influence). (TF)

Answer 44

False (This is the persuasive arguments position.)

Question 45

The group-produced enhancement or exaggeration of members’ initial attitudes through discussion is called group _____. a. polarization b. enhancement c. majority d. attraction

Answer 45

a. polarization

Question 46

A deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment in a group that results from an excessive desire to reach consensus

Answer 46

groupthink

Question 47

Groups with more diversity are less likely to fall prey to groupthink.(TF)

Answer 47

TRUE

Question 48

_____ is a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment in a group that results from an excessive desire to reach consensus. a. Groupthink b. Social loafing c. Unanimity rule d. Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 48

a. Groupthink

Question 49

What are the three symptoms indicating that a group is suffering from groupthink? a. An underestimation of one’s group, close-mindedness, and increased conformity pressure b. An overestimation of one’s group, close-mindedness, and increased conformity pressure c. An underestimation of one’s group, open-mindedness, and increased conformity pressure d. An underestimation of one’s group, open-mindedness, and decreased conformity pressure

Answer 49

b. An overestimation of one’s group, close-mindedness, and increased conformity pressure

Question 50

The person who exerts the most influence and provides direction and energy to the group

Answer 50

leader

Question 51

The theory that leadership effectiveness depends both on whether leaders are task-oriented or relationship-oriented and on the degree to which they have situational control

Answer 51

contingency model of leadership

Question 52

A _____ leader gives the highest priority to group relationships, with task accomplishment being secondary. a. task-oriented b. social-oriented c. relationship-oriented d. communication-oriented

Answer 52

c. relationship-oriented

Question 53

A leader who changes (transforms) the outlook and behavior of followers so that they move beyond their self-interests for the good of the group or society

Answer 53

transformational leader

Question 54

A leader who dictates group policies, procedures, and goals and controls all activities without any meaningful participation by others

Answer 54

authoritarian leader

Question 55

Studies suggest that there are three core components to transformational leadership: demonstrating a charismatic communication style, communicating a vision, and implementing a vision. (TF)

Answer 55

true

Question 56

Transformational leaders are only committed to helping the group achieve its goals. (TF)

Answer 56

False (Transformational leaders are not only committed to helping the group achieve its goals, but also to helping group members fulfill their potential.)

Question 57

Men are more likely to invite subordinates to participate in the decision-making process. (TF)

Answer 57

False (Women are more likely.)

Question 58

Collectivists have been shown to be more responsive to task-oriented leaders. (TF)

Answer 58

False ( Individualists are more responsive to task-oriented leaders)

Question 59

Any situation in which the most rewarding short-term choice for an individual will ultimately cause negative consequences for the group as a whole

Answer 59

social dilemma

Question 60

Any situation in which the most rewarding short-term choice for an individual will ultimately cause negative consequences for the group as a whole is a social _____. a. dilemma b. loafing c. condition d. situation

Answer 60

a. dilemma

Question 61

One way to solve a social dilemma is to educate group members. (TF)

Answer 61

TRUE

Question 62

Teaching people about the consequences of their actions can lead to behaving in more socially responsible ways. This is an example of _____. a. sanctioning cooperative behavior b. group identification c. education d. reducing groupthink

Answer 62

c. education