CH9 Flashcards
(4 cards)
2 Types of nutrient of biotic components
Autotroph : Synthesis its own food using light and chemical energy
Heterotroph : Cannot synthesis its own food and depends on external sources
7 Types of interaction in an ecosystem with meaning & examples
- Parasitism
Benefits parasites, harm host
Fleas, Rafflesia sp., tapeworm - Commensalism
benefits one, no effect on the other one
Steg fern, bird nest fern, barnacle, remora fish - Mutualism
Benefits both organism
Thermite & Flagellate Protozoa
Rhizobium in root nodules of legumes - Saprophytism
Between a living and a dead organism - Interspecific Competition
Between different species
Paramecium Aurela and Caudatum - Intraspecific Competition
Between same species - Predation
Between predator that catches and eat prey
6 Problems & adaptations of mangrove trees
Soft and muddy soil - Buttress root - Bruguiera sp.
Strong wind and waves - prop roots - Rhizophora sp.
Stagnant water & low oxygen : Pneumatophore allows gaseous exchange trough lenticels
Salty seawater : - osmotic pressure of root cell sap is higher than surrounding water, plasmolysis does not occur, water is not lost
Higher rate of transpiration : - leaves with thick cuticles and sunken stomata
Low survival rate of seeds : - viviparous seeds that germinates while still on parent plant for enough atmospheric oxygen during germination and prevent seeds from dehydration
3 Zones of mangrove area
- Coastal Zone
Enlarged root system + Pneumatophore -> Mud accumulation -> higher & denser soils
Rhizophora sp. succeeds pioneer species ( Avicennia sp. & Sonneratia s.) - Middle Zone
i) Prop root -> traps mud and twigs -> sedimentation
ii) Seawater overflows at high tides -> seabank becomes higher and drier -> soil become less suitable for rhizophora, more suitable for bruguiera
Bruguiera sp. succeeds Rhizophora sp. - Inland Zone
Buttress roots traps more mud and silts -> sedimentation -> forms a new swamp -> ground changes into land
Land trees succeed and replace Bruguiera sp.
