Challenges of Natural Hazards (Tectonic Hazards) Flashcards
(291 cards)
1
Q
Define hazard risk
A
probability that a natural hazard may take place
2
Q
Define natural hazard
A
natural event with chance to threaten or damage
3
Q
Define conservative plate margin
A
tectonic plate margin where tectonic plates slide past each other
4
Q
Define constructive plate margin
A
tectonic plate margin where rising magma creates new materials between diverging plates
5
Q
Define destructive plate margin
A
tectonic plate margin where two plates are converging
6
Q
Define earthquake
A
sudden or violent movement within Earth’s crust followed by a series of shocks
7
Q
Define rift valley
A
steep valley where land has dropped as plates have moved apart
8
Q
Where are rift valley’s found?
A
where two continental plate margins meet
9
Q
Define immediate responses
A
reaction of people as disaster happens and immediate aftermath
10
Q
Define long term responses
A
later reactions that occur weeks, months and years after the event
11
Q
Define monitoring
A
recording physical changes to help forecast natural hazard
12
Q
Define plate margin
A
margin between two tectonic plates
13
Q
Define planning
A
actions taken to enable communities to respond and recover from natural disasters
14
Q
Define prediction
A
attempts to forecast when and where a hazard will strike
15
Q
Define primary effects
A
initial impact of natural event on people and property
16
Q
Define protection
A
actions taken before hazard strikes to reduce its impact
17
Q
Define richter scale
A
measurement of earthquakes
18
Q
Define secondary effects
A
after effect that occurs as indirect impacts of natural hazard
19
Q
Define shield volcano
A
wide base and gentle slopes
erupt frequently but non explosive
20
Q
Where are shield volcanoes found?
A
constructive plate margins
21
Q
Define tectonic hazard
A
natural hazard caused by movement of tectonic plates
22
Q
Define tectonic plates
A
rigid segment of Earth’s crust
23
Q
Define economic impact
A
effect of event on wealth
24
Q
Define environmental impact
A
effect of event on landscape and ecology
25
Define social impact
effect of event on lives of people or community
26
Define a natural hazard
natural event that threatens people or has potential to cause damage, destruction or death
27
Define an atmospheric hazard
created in atmosphere by movement of air and water
28
Define terrestrial/geological hazard
created by movement of Earth's tectonic plates or surface rock and soils
29
Define weather based hazards
created by rivers, sea or oceans
30
Define biological hazards
biological substance that poses threat to the health of people
31
Give examples of atmospheric hazards
hurricanes
tsunami
forest fire
drought
32
Give examples of terrestrial hazards
earth quakes
landslides
33
Give examples of water base hazard
flooding
tsunami
34
Give examples of biological hazards
diseases
35
What factors effect the impacts of a natural hazard?
frequency
location
magnitude
development
3 Ps
36
How does frequency affect impacts of a natural hazard?
frequently vs. infrequently
37
How does location affect impacts of a natural hazard?
geology
relief of land
38
How does magnitude affect impacts of a natural hazard?
size and strength
area impacted
39
What are the three Ps?
preparation
prediction
prevention
40
What is the crust?
solid layer, further part from inner core
41
How thick is the crust?
between 10 km and 60 km
42
What is the mantle?
hard at top but magma nearer middle
43
What occurs in mantle?
convection current
44
How thick is the mantle?
2900km
45
What is the outer core?
liquid area of iron and nickel
46
How hot is the outer core?
5,500 degrees Celsius
47
What is the inner core?
solid layer in centre
48
Why is inner core solid?
immense pressure
49
How thick is the inner core?
6,378 km thick
50
How hot is the inner core?
5,500 degrees Celsius
51
What are convection currents?
hot core causes magma to rise and sink
52
What is the effect of convection currents?
builds pressure and carries plates with it
53
What is slab pull?
denser plate pulls back to mantle under influence of gravity
54
What is the effect of slab pull?
pulls rest of the plate along with it
55
What is ridge push?
magma rises to form new plate material
56
What is the effect of ridge push?
tectonic plates move away from each other
57
What is continental drift?
continents pushed apart because of tectonic plates moving
58
What are the two types of crust?
continental
oceanic
59
Which type of crust is newer?
oceanic
60
Which type of crust is older?
continental
61
How thick is oceanic crust?
less than 10km thick
62
Which type of crust is more dense?
oceanic
63
Which type of crust is less dense?
continental
64
How thick is continental crust?
between 25km and 70km
65
Which type of crust sinks?
oceanic
66
Which type of crust does not sink?
continental
67
How old is oceanic crust?
most is less than 200 million years old
68
How old is continental crust?
most over 150 million years old
69
Why do destructive plate margin plates move together?
convection currents
70
Give an example of a destructive plate margin
Nazca and South American
71
What does subduction of oceanic plate at destructive margin cause?
pressure
- earthquakes
72
Why do earthquakes occur at destructive plate margins?
pressure created by oceanic plate being subducted
- suddenly released
73
Which plates cause a destructive plate margin to occur?
oceanic and continental
OR
two continental
74
What does a destructive plate margin form from an oceanic and continental plate?
volcanoes
ocean trenches
75
What does a destructive plate margin form from two continental plates?
ridge mountains
76
Give examples of features created by destructive plate margins
Atacama trench
Andes mountains
77
What are constructive plate margins?
two plates moving away from each other
78
What type of plates create a constructive plate margin?
two constructive plate margins
79
What occurs at a constructive plate margin?
magma rises meaning mantle fills gap and new crust is created
80
Give an example of a constructive plate margin
North American and Eurasian plate moving part
81
Give an example of a feature formed by a constructive plate margin
mid Atlantic ridge
82
What is a conservative plate margin?
two plates moving parallel at different speeds
83
What is created at conservative plate margin?
nothing
84
Give an example of a feature created by a conservative plate margin
San Andreas Fault
85
Give an example of a conservative plate margin
Pacific plate and North American plate
86
Where do volcanoes occur?
destructive and constructive plate margins
87
Where do earthquakes occur?
all types of plate margins
88
What is melted rock called?
magma
89
Why does melted rock rise?
less dense
90
What type of eruption occurs at destructive plate boundary?
violent
dramatic
explosive
91
What is melted rock called when it erupts?
lava
92
Where is a destructive plate boundary found?
when a continental plates meets an oceanic plate
93
Why are plates moving apart at a constructive plate margin?
ridge push
convection currents
94
Are earthquakes high magnitude or low magnitude at a constructive plate margin?
low magnitude
95
What type of magma cools between Eurasian and North American plate?
basaltic magma
96
Why are volcanoes not found on conservative plate boundary?
land is not created or destroyed
97
Why do earthquakes occur at conservative plate boundaries?
friction and pressure build when plates stick
- vibration released
98
Where do volcanoes form, if not on a boundary?
hotspots like Hawaii
99
How do volcanoes form at destructive plate boundaries?
denser plate moves into mantle, where it melts
rises through cracks called vents
erupts forming volcano
100
How do volcanoes form at constructive plate boundaries?
magma rises into gap
forming volcano
101
What does a volcano emit when it erupts?
lava
gases
ash
102
What are pyroclastic flows?
super heated currents of gas ash and rock
103
How are earthquakes formed?
tension building up at plate marign
104
How do earthquakes form at destructive plate margin?
tension builds as one plate gets stuck to the other
105
How do earthquakes form at constructive plate margin?
tension builds along cracks in plates as they move away from each other
106
How do earthquakes form at conservative plate margin?
tension builds up when plates that are grinding past each other get stuck
107
What is the epicentre?
point on earths surface above focus
108
What is the focus?
the point where earthquake starts in the Earth
109
What is a collision plate margin?
when to continental plates move towards each other and collide
110
Why are the plates a collision margin moving together?
convection current and slab pull
111
Give an example of a feature formed by collision plate margin
Himalayas
112
Give an example of a collision plate margin
eurasian plate and indian plate
113
Why do fold mountains occur at collision plate margin?
neither plate can be destroyed
114
What occurs at collision plate margin?
earthquakes
115
What does not occur at collision plate margins?
volcanoes
116
Why do earthquakes occur at collision plate margins?
build up of friction and pressure
117
Why do volcanoes not occur at collision plate margins?
no land destroyed or made
118
Why do volcanoes occur on hotspots?
thin plate
119
Where do volcanoes form?
boundaries of tectonic plates
hotspots
120
What are the three types of volcano?
cinder cone
shield
composite
121
What forms when magma cools?
igneous
122
What type of volcano is the most dangerous?
composite
- forceful
- ash and lava
- pressure - earthquake
123
Define active volcano
can still erupt
124
Define dormant volcano
wont erupt in near future
125
Extinct volcano
wont erupt again
126
How do volcanoes originate?
molten rock originates in mantle - powered by Earth's inner heat
127
How does magma enter magma chambers?
buoyancy and gas pressure molten rock - forces way upward
128
What causes the surface to bulge when forming a volcano?
material accumulates and exerts pressure on surface
129
What effect does bulge in surface have on the earth?
fissures and cracks form - material forces way upwards
130
What causes a volcano to erupt?
magma breaks through weaknesses in surface in fissures and cracks
131
What creates sticky lava?
high gas pressure
132
What creates runny lava?
low gas pressure
133
What do composite cone volcanoes look like?
steep sides with layers of dust, ash and tephra
134
What do shield volcanoes look like?
flatter profile and layers of solidified magma
135
What type of lava erupts from composite cone volcanoes?
sticky lava
136
What type of lava erupts from shield volcanoes?
runny lava
137
Where are composite volcanoes found?
destructive
compressional
138
Where are shield volcanoes found?
constructive
hot spots
139
What type of volcanoes are more explosive?
composite
140
How far does lava travel from composite volcano?
2500m +
141
How far does lava travel from shield volcano?
5000m +
142
How are composite volcano shaped?
steep sided
contained
conical
143
How are shield volcanoes shaped?
flat
wide
long
144
What are volcanic gases?
released into atmosphere
- change global temperature
- fatal high concentrations
145
What are landslides?
section of volcano falls down side of mountain
146
What is lahar?
mixture of volcanic ash, rocks and debris with water
- destroy towns and move too fast to outrun
147
What is lava flows?
eruptions of molten rock from deep within
- slow and sticky OR
- runny and fast
148
What are pyroclastic flows?
mixtures of hot, dry ash, rock and gas from volcanic eruptions
- 80km per hour
- 200 to 700 degrees C
149
What is tephra?
anything blown from volcano into air
- ash particles to chunks of rock
150
What is jokulhlaup?
glacial outburst, glacier melts due to volcanic eruption
151
What are primary effects?
immediate impacts of eruption or ground shaking
152
What are secondary effects?
as a result of pimary effects
153
Give a social primary effect relating to people
people injured or killed by collapsed buildings or pyroclastic flows
154
Give a social primary effect relating to infrastructure
infrastructure broken - water, gas, electricity
155
What is affected by primary effects?
people
infrastructure
transport
buildings
156
Give a primary effect relating to transport
roads, railways, ports and airports damaged
157
Give a primary effect relating to buildings
buildings and bridges collapse
homes destroyed
158
Give a secondary effect relating to buildings
homelessness causes people to die from exposure
159
Give a secondary effect relating to transport
blocked transport hinders emergency services causing further casualties
160
How is business reduced a secondary effect?
unemployment increases
economy slows
money spent on repairing
161
What natural secondary effects come after an earthquake?
landslides
tsunamis
162
Give a secondary effect relating to disease
lack of clean water and proper sanitation means disease spreads
163
Give a secondary effect relating to tourism
tourists put off
164
When did the Iceland eruption happen?
2010
165
What type of plate margin is Iceland on?
constructive / divergent
166
Describe the location of Iceland
Atlantic ocean, between Eurasian and North American plate
167
What two plates is Iceland spread across?
Eurasian
North American
168
Where is Eyjafjallajokull located?
South coast on constructive/divergent boundary
169
Why does Iceland experience tectonic hazards?
constructive / divergent boundary
hotspot
170
How far is Iceland volcano from Reykjavic?
160km South of Rejkjavic
171
When did the Iceland eruption occur?
15 April 2010
172
What did the Iceland volcano cause for Europe?
ash cloud
173
How far away were people affected by volcano in Iceland?
100km east affected
174
How much volcanic material was produced in five days from Iceland volcano?
140 million cubic metres of volcanic material
175
What was the Iceland volcano's volcanic explosivity index?
4 on volcanic explosivity index
176
What was the process of the eruption of volcano in Iceland?
magma ejected hit cold air and solidified as dust particles
177
How thick was the ice cap that melted on the Iceland volcano?
150m thick ice cap
178
What were the primary effects of Iceland volcano?
ice cap melted
ash cloud
179
How many visitors go to London by air per day?
30,000 visitors per day by air
180
How much do visitors to London normally spend?
£17 million per day
181
How much did 6 day disruption cost London?
£102 million for delay
182
What did ash cloud from Iceland volcano cause?
6 day delay in air travel in London
183
How much did hotel occupancy decrease by in London during ash cloud delay?
decreased by 25%
184
What were the secondary effects of Iceland volcano?
flights cancelled
6 day delay
travellers trapped
livestock lung problems
185
How many European flights were cancelled due to Iceland volcano?
950,000 flights cancelled
186
What were immediate responses to the Iceland volcano?
families evacuated
animals moved to barns
trenches dug
187
Why were trenches dug as an immediate response?
allow flood water
188
How many farming families were evacuated in Iceland volcano as a immediate response?
20 farming families evacuated
189
Where is L'Aquila?
Italy
190
Where is Gorkha?
Nepal
191
When did the earthquake occur in L'Aquila?
6 April 2009
192
When did the earthquake in Gorkha occur?
28 April 2015
193
What was the L'Aquila earthquake on the ritcher scale?
6.3 on ritcher scale
194
What was the Gorkha earthquake on the Ritcher scale?
7.8 magnitude
195
Give examples of immediate responses relating to people
issue warnings
rescue teams
treatment
196
Give example of immediate responses for environment
extinguish fires
recover bodies
197
Give examples of immediate responses for destroyed buildings
provide shelter food and drink
198
What do rescue teams aim to do?
search fo survivors
199
Give examples of secondary responses for destroyed buildings
repair and rebuild infrastructure
improve regulations
restore utilities
200
Give examples of secondary responses for people
resettle locals elsewhere
install increased monitoring technology
201
Give examples of secondary responses for economy
develop opportunities to recover economy
202
How many people were killed in the L'Aquila earthquake?
308 killed in L'Aquila
203
How many people were killed in the Gorkha earthquake?
8,841 killed in Gorkha
204
How many people were injured in L'Aquila?
1,500 injured in L'Aquila
205
How many people were left homeless in L'Aquila?
67,500 people left homeless
206
How many buildings collapsed in L'Aquila?
between 10,000 and 15,000
207
Give examples of primary effects in L'Aquila
deaths/injuries
homelessness
buildings destoryed
208
How much economic damage did L'Aquila do?
$11,434 damage
209
Give examples of secondary effects in L'Aquila
landslides/rockfalls
mudflow
house prices increased
city centre cordoned off
210
What caused a mudflow in L'Aquila?
burst water pipeline near Paganio
211
What effect did cordoning off city centre have on L'Aquila?
business reduced
212
How many people injured in Gorkha?
16,800 injured in Gorkha
213
How much economic damage was done in Gorkha?
$5 billion damage
214
Give examples of buildings destroyed in L'Aquila
National Museum
Porta Napoli
L'Aquila University
San Salvatore Hospital
215
How many people were left homeless in Gorkha?
1 million left homeless
216
How many buildings were destroyed in Gorkha?
7,000 schools destroyed
26 hospitals destroyed
Dharahara Tower
217
What happened at international airport due to Gorkha earthquake?
congested as aid arrived
218
How many schools were destroyed in Gorkha?
7000 schools
219
How many hospitals were destroyed in Gorkha?
26 hospitals
220
Give examples of primary effects in Gorkha
deaths / injured
homeless
buildings destroyed
airport congested
221
What are the primary effects of an earthquake?
buildings destroyed
deaths / injuries
transport infrastructure damaged
pipes and electric broken
222
What are the secondary effects of an earthquake?
business reduced
economy slows
emergency services delayed
fires started
diseases spread
223
What causes fires to start following an earthquake?
broken gas pipes and fallen electricity cables
224
What are the primary effects of a volcano?
buildings destroyed
air travel halted
water contaminated
225
What are the secondary effects of a volcano?
economy slows
ice melts
tourism increases
fertile farm land
emergency services struggle
226
What are the secondary effects of Gorkha?
landslides / avalanches
tourism declines
rice seed ruined
227
What did Gorkha earthquake cause on Mount Everest?
landslides and avalanches killing 19 people
228
What happened to rice seed in Gorkha?
ruined
- income lost
- food shortages
229
How many people were given hotel rooms in L'Aquila?
10,000 sheltered in hotels
230
How many people were given tents in L'Aquila?
40,000 tents given out
231
How many dog units were sent to look for survivors in L'Aquila?
7 dog units
232
What bills were suspended in L'Aquila?
mortgages and Sky TV bills suspended
233
What happened to mobile calls in L'Aquila?
free mobile calls
234
How much money was raised for L'Aquila by EU Solidarity Fund?
$552.9 million from EU Solidarity Fund
235
What were the immediate responses for L'Aquila?
shelter provided
rescue team
bills suspended
money raised
236
What were the long term responses for L'Aquila?
torch lit procession
no taxes
students fees reduced
guilt verdict overturned
237
What happens annually in L'Aquila?
torch lit procession with Catholic mass
238
When did residents not have to pay tax in L'Aquila?
2010 no tax for residents
239
How were students fees reduced in L'Aquila?
university fees waived
free transport
240
When did the guilty verdict for manslaughter get overturned?
2014 guilty verdict overturned for 6 scientists
241
What were the immediate responses in Gorkha?
international aid requested
rescues
shelter
field hospitals
Facebook feature
242
How many tents were provided in Gorkha?
500,000 tents provided in Gokrha
243
What did UN and WHO send to Gorkha?
medical supplies
244
What were set up in immediate response to Gorkha?
field hospitals
245
What did Facebook launch as an immediate response to Gorkha?
safety feature for uses to indicate safety
246
What were the long term impacts of Gorkha?
aid money
landslide material cleared
building regulations
Mount Everest
247
How much money was given as aid money to Gorkha?
$274 million
248
What happened to lakes and rivers following Gorkha?
cleared of landslide material
249
What happened to building regulations in Gorkha?
controls enforced
250
What happened to Mount Everest following Gorkha?
new routes opened by August 2015 and permits extended by 2 years
251
What does building density cause differences in?
effects
252
What does construction standards cause differences in?
effects
253
What does corruption cause differences in?
responses
254
What do hazard prone areas cause differences in?
effects
255
What does magnitude cause differences in?
effects
256
What does monitoring/prediction causes differences in?
responses
257
What does medical facilities cause differences in?
responses
258
What does population cause differences in?
effects
259
What do resources and finances cause differences in?
responses
260
What do secondary effects cause differences in?
effects and responses
261
What does time cause differences in?
effects
262
What does emergency services cause differences in?
responses
263
What does transport cause differences in?
responses
264
What does type of plate margin cause differences in?
effects
265
What reasons for variation are influenced by wealth?
construction
corruption
monitoring
medical
finances
emergency services
transport infrastructure
266
What reasons for variation are not influenced by wealth?
building density
hazard prone area
magnitude
population density
secondary effects
time
plate margin type
267
How many people lived on or close to volcanoes in 2000?
500 million people
268
How many are estimated to be living by volcanoes in 2025?
600 million people
269
How many people live in Naples, Italy and what volcano are they near?
961,000 people at foot of Mount Vesuvius
270
Why do people choose to live at risk from tectonic hazards?
advantages outweigh the risks
271
What is the most important reason as to why people choose to live at risk from tectonic hazards?
cannot afford to move away
272
What is another important reason as to why people choose to live at risk from tectonic hazards?
large settlements with job opporunities
273
Give an example of a large settlement on a seismic area
San Francisco
274
What is the GDP of the Bay Area?
$535 billion
275
Where does Bay Area rank in comparison with national economies?
19th in world
276
What is a final important reason as to why people choose to live at risk of tectonic hazards?
engineering gives confidence to people
277
Give an example of engineering that is earthquake proof
Bird's Nest stadium in Beijing
278
What are some economic reasons for living at risk of tectonic hazards?
geothermal energy
nutrient rich soils
mining / tourism
cheaper to stay
279
How much of world's population lives near a volcano?
8% of world's population
280
How many Americans live near earthquake prone area?
50% of Americans
281
What are some social reasons for living at risk of tectonic hazards?
friends and family
don't understand risk
confidence in engineering
282
Why does monitoring, prediction, planning and protection differ in each country?
economy of country
location of country
283
Which is most important out of prediction, protection or planning?
planning - know what to do
284
How does monitoring work with volcanic eruption?
tiltmeters - shape of ground
thermal heat sensors - temperature
gas trapping bottles - radon/sulphur
285
How does prediction work with volcanic eruption?
advance warning before erupting
286
How does protection work with volcanic eruption?
evacuation plans
287
How does planning work with volcanic eruption?
evacuation
exclusion zones
education
first aid training
288
How does monitoring work with earthquake?
seismometers and GPS
radon detecting devices
289
Does prediction work with earthquake?
extremely difficult to predict
290
How does protection work for earthquakes?
building/infrastructure design
sea walls for tsunamis
291
How does planning work with earthquakes?
practice drills
emergency supplies
securing objects/furniture
