Challenges of Resource Management (Food) Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
Define food security
A
reasonable amount of food for population
2
Q
Define food insecurity
A
not enough food for population for healthy diet
3
Q
How does global population growth affect global demand for food?
A
more people means more food needed
4
Q
How does economic development affect global demand for food?
A
access to better quality food
5
Q
How much is the annual % increase in Africa per year?
A
2.51% population increase
6
Q
How much did Chinese calorific intake increase between 1981 and 2011?
A
2,100 to 3,000 calories
7
Q
What is sustainable food?
A
all people have sufficient access to safe and healthy food
8
Q
What is food loss?
A
deterioration of food prior to reaching consumer
9
Q
What is food waste?
A
thrown away by consumer, gone off or not used
10
Q
What is undernourishment?
A
lack of sufficient calories and nutrients
11
Q
How much of world’s population suffered from undernourishment between 2014-2016?
A
one in nine, 795 million
12
Q
How many people suffering from undernourishment lived in LICs?
A
780 million
13
Q
How does climate affect food supply?
A
temperature and growing season
- drought + desertification
14
Q
Give an example of issues with food supply caused by climate
A
Somalia and Ethiopia
between 2011 and 2012
15
Q
How does technology affect food supply?
A
easier process - increases production
16
Q
Give examples of improved infrastructure in farming that increases food supply
A
combine harvesters
irrigation systems
road networks
17
Q
How does pests and disease affect food supply?
A
interventions unaffordable in LICs
18
Q
Give examples of pests and diseases that affect food supply
A
mice and rats
locusts and slugs
foot and mouth
bovine pleuropneumonia
19
Q
How do HICs combat pests and diseases?
A
pesticides
insecticides
fungicides
natural pest remedies
20
Q
How does water stress affect food supply?
A
cannot water crops
- cannot provide for population
21
Q
How do HICs combat water stress?
A
irrigation systems
22
Q
How does conflict affect food supply?
A
farms unattended
weapon - stolen/destroyed
23
Q
Give examples of food supply affected by conflict
A
Syria and Sudan
24
Q
How does poverty affect food supply?
A
physically weaker - less productive
susceptible to disease
tools unaffordable
25
What are the physical factors affecting food supply?
climate
water stress
pests and disease
26
What are the human factors affecting food supply?
poverty
conflict
technology improvements
27
What are the social impacts of food insecurity?
famine
undernutrition
social unrest
28
Give example of a famine caused by food insecurity
260,000 people died between 2010 and 2012 in Somalia
29
What does undernutrition cause?
development problems
30
How has undernutrition caused development problems?
40% of children under 5 have development problems in Sub Saharan Africa
31
How many children under 5 have development problems in Sub Saharan Africa?
40% of children
32
How does food insecurity lead to social unrest?
riots
civil wars
33
Give example of social unrest caused by food insecurity
Venezuelan food shortages led to protests, looting and riots between 2016 and 2019
34
When did food shortages cause social unrest in Venezuela?
between 2016 and 2019
35
What are economic impacts of food insecurity?
rising prices
inflation
36
What effect do rising prices have on food insecurity in LICs?
rising prices ruins food insecurity in LICs
37
Why does food insecurity cause rising prices?
demand exceeds supply
38
How does food insecurity cause soil erosion?
struggling to produce food may not use best agricultural pactices
39
How is soil erosion caused by incorrect agricultural practices?
over cultivation and overgrazing
soil exposed to wind and rain
40
What are the impacts of food insecurity?
larger proportion of income on food
undernutrition
food riots
fertilisers/animal feed/food storage/transport prices rise
41
What are the causes of food insecurity?
ban food exports - low supplies elsewhere
poor grain harvests
42
How many people worldwide are effected by undernutrition?
805 million in South Asia and Sub Saharan Africa
43
Give an example of a food riot
5 day food riot in Algeria in 2011
44
What caused the food riot in 2011 in Algeria?
price of cooking oil and flour doubled
45
What factors affect severity of food insecurity?
location
economic
social
environmental
time period
46
What is irrigation?
artificially watering land
47
How is water extracted for irrigation?
water from rivers, underground stores or building dams
48
What are the advantages of irrigation?
increases production, crop yield and income
49
What are the challenges of irrigaiton?
forced relocation
waterlogged soil
water scarcity
cost
50
What are aeroponics?
plants grown in air
51
What are aeroponics sprayed with?
fine mist containing nutrients
52
What are the advantages of aeroponics?
increased yields
less water/nutrients needed
less space used
53
What are the challenges of aeroponics?
cost
specialist knowledge
54
What are hydroponics?
plants grown in water
55
What type of water are hydroponics grown in?
nutrient rich water
56
What are the advantages of hydroponics?
more nutrients provided
less space used
increased yields
57
What are the challenges of hydroponics?
specialists knowledge needed
cost
58
What is the green revolution?
modern technology used focusing on sustainability and community
59
What are the advantages of green revolution?
increased yields
60
What are the disadvantages of green revolution?
crop yields not increasing with population
61
What is biotechnology?
living organisms used to modify products for higher yields
62
What are the advantages of biotechnology?
increased vitamins in products
drought resistance
improved flavour
63
What are the disadvantages of biotechnology?
concerning health effects
64
What is appropriate technology?
skills or materials available to increase output without reducing employment
65
What are the advantages of appropriate technology?
increases yields
66
What are the disadvantages of appropriate technology?
specialist skills for repair
67
Give an example of biotechnology
Impossible Burger
68
What are the advantages of the Impossible Burger?
does not kill animals
- less animals needed
- less methane
69
What are the disadvantages of the Impossible Burger?
controversial method
70
What are the characteristics of Almeria?
desert - no use for land
71
Where is Almeria?
Southern Spain
72
Why is Almeria so advantageous for farmers?
optimum temperature and humidity
reduction in pests/pesticides
longer growing season
73
How much of land is covered by Almeria farmland?
26,000 hectares
74
How much fruit and vegetables is produced in Almeria?
50% of Europe's vegetables and fruit
75
What is the average temperature in Almeria?
20 degrees Celsius
76
How much sun does Almeria receive per year?
3,000 hours per year of sunshine
77
How are plants grown in Almeria?
hydroponics
78
What are greenhouses made of in Almeria?
sustainable plastic
79
How has Almeria farmland expanded?
covered plain of Dalias
now valley near Alpurjarra Hills
80
How is increased land coverage a challenge for Spain?
previously unspoilt area of Spain
81
What does Almeria farmland provide for the UK?
lettuce
melons
courgettes
cucumbers
82
Where does funding for Almeria come from?
European Union and Spanish Government
83
Where does labour for Almeria come from?
immigrant
84
How does immigrant labour benefit farmers in Almeria?
immigrant labour is cheap
85
How much does Almeria farmland contribute to Spanish economy?
$1.5 billion annually
86
What is rainfall in Almeria like?
200mm a year - arid conditions
87
How is rainfall a potential issue for Almeria?
arid conditions
88
Who owns greenhouses in Almeria?
mixture of large businesses and individual farmers
89
Where do workers in Almeria come from?
North Africa, Eastern Europe, Central America
90
How does immigrant labour create economic opportunities?
costs low
multiplier effect
91
When did a new desalination plant open?
2009
92
How did the new desalination plant create economic opportunities?
supplies 60,000 cubic metres per day
- increased yields
93
What is happening to underground water sources?
drying up
94
What does the white surface of the greenhouses create?
albedo effect
95
What does albedo effect cause?
cooling of an area
96
What environmental challenge created by albedo effect?
Almeria dropped by 0.3 degrees Celsius since 1983
- rest has increased by 1-3 degrees Celsius
97
What are the social challenges created by immigrant labour?
low wages - poor conditions
conflict between different groups
98
What is a positive caused by UK regulations?
reduced level of chemicals and raised production standards
99
What is an environmental opportunity created by use of hydroponics?
advancement of hydroponics
- less water used to drip irrigation
100
How do warm conditions create economic opportunities?
low energy costs
- year round conditions
101
How has Almeria affected surrounding environment?
large amounts of plastic and litter created
102
What can factories nearby do with plastic?
create and reuse
- gain income
103
How much are workers paid per day?
between 33 and 36 euros
104
How many workers lack rights?
100,00 workers
105
What do many farms lack?
toilets
106
What are women forced to do?
prosititution
107
How large is Europe's winter market garden?
135 square miles
108
Give examples of countries where immigrant workers are from
Mali
Colombia
Ukraine
109
What is permaculture?
recreating natural ecosystems
110
What does permaculture aim to protect?
soil
insects
wildlife
111
What is food production like in permaculture?
low maintenance
112
Why is permaculture low maintenance?
for healthy soils
113
Give examples of permaculture
mixed cropping
natural predators
114
What is mixed cropping?
plants of different heights and species grown together
115
What is the advantage of mixed cropping?
space and light used better
fewer pests and diseases
less watering
116
Give examples of natural predators
frogs used to control slugs
117
What is the advantage of natural predators?
reduces need for pesticides
118
What is organic farming?
using natural processes to return nutrients to soil
119
Give examples of organic farming
crop/animal rotation
natural pesticides
120
What is the benefit of cow manure and crop rotation?
less damaging to environment
121
How does organic farming treat animals and crops?
no pesticides/herbicides
no supplements
122
What does organic farming protect?
biodiversity
123
What do organic farmers aim to reduce?
food miles
124
What is urban farming initiatives?
using empty land, roof tops and balconies to grow crops and animals
125
Give an example of urban farming initiatives
allotments
126
What are the advantages of urban farming initiatives?
locally available
fresher food
more nutritious
cheaper
127
What effect do urban farming initiatives have on residents?
increases food security
128
How do urban farming initiatives improve cities?
adds greenery
- healthier
- attractive
129
What do urban farming initiatives reduce?
dependency on industrial agriculture
130
Why are species of fish at risk?
over fishing
131
What has caused overfishing?
increased consumption
132
What is sustainable fishing?
catch quotas
labelling products
133
What is the benefit of catch quotas?
limits amount of fish taken
fishing methods less harmful
134
What is the benefit of labelling fish products?
allows consumers to choose sustainably fished fish
135
How is raising animas negative for the environment?
forest cleared
methane produced
136
How can meat production become sustainable?
locally sourced food
added seaweed
all edible parts
137
What is the benefit of locally sourced feed for animals?
reduced food miles
138
What is the benefit of added seaweed for animals?
reduced methane emissions
139
What is the benefit of eating all edible parts of animals?
reduced food waste
140
What do people in HICs expect?
year round produce
141
What is the negative impact of year round produce?
import costs
food miles - carbon footprint
142
What is the benefit of seasonal food consumption?
reduces food imports
143
What does eating seasonally mean?
only eating locally produced food grown at that time of year
144
How much food is wasted globally?
one third of food
145
How can food waste be reduced?
planning meals
recipes for leftovers
distributing waste food to those in need
146
What is the population of Bangladesh?
156 million
147
What is the population of Jamalpur?
2.29 million
148
What is the GDP of Bangladesh?
$3600
149
What is the percentage of population working in agriculture in Jamalpur?
65.5% in agriculture
150
How many people live on less than $2 a day in Jamalpur?
31.5% in poverty
151
How many people have access to clean water in Jamalpur?
86.9% with access to clean water
152
What is the life expectancy in Jamalpur?
73.2 years life expectancy
153
What is the literacy rate in Bangladesh?
61.5% literacy rate
154
What is the literacy rate in Jamalpur?
38.4% literacy rate
155
How many people are there per doctor in Jamalpur?
3,255 people per doctor
156
Where is Jamalpur?
North Bangladesh
157
What is the physical geography of Jamalpur like?
3 major river tributaries
158
What is the human geography of Jamalpur like?
high population density
159
What did Practical Action aim to do in Bangladesh?
improve food and nutritional security of resource poor farmers in Jamalpur
160
How many resource-poor farm families did Practical Action work with?
7,500 resource poor farm families
161
How many villages did Practical Action work with?
79 villages
162
How many NGOs did Practical Action work with in Bangladesh?
10 NGOs
163
What did farmers struggle with?
finding food
164
Why did farmers struggle with finding food?
could only farm for five months
165
What affect did lacking food have on farmers?
children could not go to school
166
When did Practical Action introduce rice-fish culture?
2006
167
What did farmers learn from Practical Action?
choose flood resistant rice
protect fish in fields
168
What rice-fish culture enable farmers to do?
sell excess for profits
169
How much could farmers sell fish for?
£195
170
How much could farmers sell rice for?
£135
171
What did the help of Practical Action enable farmers to do?
send children to school
farm better - profit
172
How much did protein and nutritious food consumption increase by in Jamalpur?
increased 2-3 times
173
What occurred that meant improvement in child health improved?
food diversification
174
How long were target families able to feed themselves for?
longer than 11 months
175
How many households had food provisioning for 9-12 months?
90% of houses
175
How much did average annual household income increase by?
4 fold increase in household income
176
How much did emigration decrease by?
reduced by 50%
177
Is rice-fish agriculture / approach of Practical Action suitable for all countries?
only suitable for LICs
with high rainfall / flooding
178
Why is rice-fish agriculture suitable for Jamalpur?
high flooding
cost effective
179
What does rice-fish strategy mean for economy?
disposable income
- multiplier effect
- education - jobs
