UK Physical Landscapes : Glacial Landscapes in the UK Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
Define abrasion
A
rocks and boulders in base of glacier scraping rocks down
2
Q
Define arete
A
ridge formed between 2 corries
3
Q
Define bulldozing
A
ice pushing material forward
4
Q
Define corrie
A
hollow in mountain side formed through erosion, freeze thaw weathering and rotational slip
5
Q
Define drumlin
A
hill of glacial till deposited by moving glacier
6
Q
Define erratic
A
feature transported and despoiled from source by ice
7
Q
Define glacial trough
A
u shaped valley
8
Q
Define hanging valley
A
not eroded as much as main vallley
9
Q
Define moraine
A
eroded from valley and deposited or transported
9
Q
Define land use conflicts
A
disagreements of land owners on how land should be used
10
Q
Define outwash
A
deposited by meltwater
11
Q
Define plucking
A
glacier removes large sections of rock by freezing around it
12
Q
Define pyramidal peak
A
corries cutting back to one point
13
Q
Define ribbon lake
A
long narrow lake in glacial trough
14
Q
Define rotational slip
A
ice moving in circular motion and eroding hollows
15
Q
Define till
A
transported and deposited by glacier
16
Q
Define truncated spur
A
former river valley cut off by formation of water falls
17
Q
Define relief of land
A
elevation of area
18
Q
Define topography
A
natural features of land
19
Q
Define altitude
A
height above sea level
20
Q
Define land use
A
function of land
21
Q
What is a lowland area?
A
close to or below 200m sea level
22
Q
What is an upland area?
A
areas above 600m sea below
23
Q
Give an example of a lowland area
A
Fens in East Anglia
24
Give an example of an upland area
Cumbria mountains in the Lake District
25
How long ago was the last ice age?
10,000 years ago
26
How thick was the ice cover in the last ice age?
3km
27
Why do glaciers flow down hill?
gravity
28
What is a glacial period?
glaciers build into ice sheets covering mountains and moving into lowland areas
29
What is an interglacial period?
warm temperature for extended time causing retreat of ice to higher altitudes and latitudes
30
Which direction would permafrost and tundra vegetation extended in?
south
31
What is a glacier?
body of ice, rocks, water and snow moving under force of gravity
32
How do glaciers form?
when snow remains year round, it is slowly turned to ice
33
How does a glacier increase in size?
new layers of snow compress previous layers
34
What affect does compression have on a glacier?
snow recrystalizes
35
How does the ice in a glacier increase in density?
air pockets decrease - snow is more compact
36
What is firn/neve?
middle state between snow and glacier ice
37
How long does the process of forming a glacier take?
more than one hundred years
38
What is weathering?
break down of rocks in situ
39
How does freeze thaw weathering occur?
1. water enters crack
2. water freezes due to cold temperatures
3. pressure breaks the rock
40
What is glacial erosion?
removal of land by ice
41
What are the two types of glacial erosion?
plucking
abrasion
42
How does plucking work?
glacier moves over rock and rips rock out as it moves forward
43
What causes the glacier to melt and plucking to occur?
friction between glacier and rocks
44
What is abrasion?
glacier grinds over bedrock
45
What does abrasion from?
sharp grooves called striations
46
What is subglacial material?
carried under the glacier
47
What is englacial material?
transported inside the ice
48
What is glacial till?
sediment transported by ice
49
How is moraine formed?
deposition of glacial till
50
What is till made up of?
angular rocks and boulders
51
What is bulldozing?
glacier creates piles of debris in front of it
52
What marks the furthest advance of a glacier?
terminal moraine
53
Where does till come from?
erosion of rock
54
How is the till carried?
by glacier / melt water rivers
55
How does the glacier use subglacial material?
grinds at land beneath to create valleys
56
Explain why outwash material is rounded
attrition caused by meltwater river
57
When does glacial deposition occur?
when ice is losing energy
58
What type of till is spread onto valley floor?
lodgement till
59
What type of till is dropped by a glacier as it melts?
ablation till
60
What moraines?
deposited landforms
61
How does ice move internally of a glacier?
move on top of the other in layers
62
What is basal slippage?
ice slips over bed
63
What causes basal slippage?
water at the base of glacier
64
What creates meltwater streams?
melting ice
65
What happens above the snow line?
snow cover and ice builds up
66
Where does snow cover and ice build up?
above the snow line
67
What happens below the snow line?
snow and ice melt
68
Where does snow and ice melt?
below the snow line
69
How does ice at the top of the glacier move?
rotationally, creating a hollow
70
Why does ice slow down and bunch up in compressing flow?
gradient decreases
71
What happens when the gradient decreases?
ice slows
bunches up in compressing flows
72
What is a landform?
natural feature on surface caused by geographical processes
73
What shape is a corrie?
bowl shaped hollow
74
What characteristics does a corrie have?
steep back wall
ridges
tarn
jagged summit
rock lip
75
When a corrie is forming where does snow accumulate?
north facing slops
76
What forms the steep wall of a corrie?
plucking
77
What does a glacier take from a corrie?
scree
78
How does scree form?
freeze thaw weathering
79
What forms the rock lip in a corrie?
less powerful erosion due to glacier leaving corrie
80
How does the tarn in a corrie form?
ice melts to form lake
81
How does an arete form?
two corries form back to back
82
How does a pyramidal peak form?
corries form sharp point
83
What forms a ribbon lake?
differential rates of erosion
over deepened valley floor
collect meltwater
84
What type of rock allows a ribbon lake to form?
soft rock
85
What forms a glacial trough?
glaciers descend into old river valleys
86
What forms a truncated spur?
glacier bulldozes valley sidesW
87
What can glaciers form?
tributary valleys
88
How are hanging valleys created?
tributary valleys with meltwater
89
How is terminal moraine transported?
bulldozed by snout
90
What does terminal moraine allow us to work out?
distance advanced by ice
91
What is moraine?
material produced by glacial erosion
92
What shape is moraine?
angular and unsorted
93
What is glacial flour?
fine powder formed by glacial erosion
94
How is ground moraine transported?
lodged and deposited under glacier
95
Where is ground moraine found?
where glaciers once were
96
How is ground moraine picked up by glacier?
plucking
97
What forms medial moraine?
glaciers meeting
- lateral moraines merge
98
What does medial moraine form?
large ridge of rock debris
99
Where is medial moraine found?
where two glacial tributaries have met
100
Where is recessional moraine found?
parallel to terminal moraines
101
What can recessional moraine show?
retreat of glacier
- static long enough for material to build
102
How does lateral moraine form?
freeze thaw weathering on valley sides
deposited on valley floor as ice melts and glacier shrinks
103
When is lateral moraine deposited?
ice melts and glacier has shrunk
104
What process forms lateral moraine?
freeze thaw weathering
105
Where is glacial moraine found?
edges of glacial trough
106
What are drumlins?
mounds of till
107
How do drumlins form?
glacial deposition
108
What do drumlins tell us?
direction till/glacier travelled in
109
Describe the formation of a drumlin
material deposited under glacier as ground moraine
sculpted to form drumlin
110
How does a drumlin show direction of movement?
tapered end
111
What are the characteristics of a drumlin?
blunted end
tapered end
long axis
112
What is an erratic?
large boulder made of rock that is not seen elsewhere locally
113
Give an example of an upland area affected by glaciation
Lake District
114
What rock type has been shaped by ice in the Lake District?
tough volcanic rock
115
Name an arete in the Lake District
Striding Edge
116
Name a corrie lake
Red Tarn
117
Name a hanging valey
Grisdale
118
Where is rotational slip evident in the Lake District?
Red Tarn
119
What causes glacial features to soften over time?
rain and running water
120
What has developed on valley floors in Lake District?
settlements
121
Name a settlement in the Lake District
Kewsick
122
What activities take place on glacial moraine?
farming
hospitality
tourism
123
What are moraines obscured by?
vegetation
124
Where can drumlins be seen in the Lake District?
Swindale
125
Where have erratics travelled from in the Lake District?
Scotland
126
How long ago were erratics deposited?
between 10,000 and 30,000 years ago
127
State the physical geography characteristics of the Lake District
ribbon lakes
Scafell Pike
Windermere
rain
128
How high is Scafell Pike?
978 metres
129
How deep is Lake Windermere?
74 metres
130
How long is Lake Windermere?
17km
131
Why does the Lake District receive lots of rain?
west coast
132
State the key human geography characteristics of Lake District
tourism
farming
forestry
quarrying
133
How many people visit the Lake District every year?
18 million
134
How much money does Lake District make from tourism?
£1.2 billion
135
How many jobs does tourism create in the Lake District?
18,000 jobs
136
Name the economic activities that occur in the Lake District
quarrying
forestry
farming
tourism
137
What type of tourism occurs in the Lake District?
seasonal tourism
138
What recreational tourism occurs in the Lake District?
sailing, fishing, cruises on lakes
139
What are the impacts of tourism on the Lake District?
eroded footpaths
140
How does eroded footpaths create challenges for local people?
sediment and mud moves downhill due to heavy rain
141
What is the largest employer in the Lake District?
tourism
142
What attracts walkers to the Lake District?
breath taking views
mountains
143
Where is the Lake District located?
Cumbria
North West
coastal
144
What is the highest mountain in the Lake District?
Scafell Pike
145
What is the deepest lake in the Lake District?
Windermere
146
What is Mountain Rescue?
24 hour unpaid volunteers rescuing people from mountainside
147
What are other human uses for the Lake District?
resevoirs
military training
wind turbines
hunting
148
Why is the Lake District good for quarrying?
tough resistant rock
small population
149
How much coniferous woodland does the Lake District have?
2 million hectares
150
What are the negative impacts of forestry on the Lake District?
little sunlight
little biodiversity
151
Why is the Lake District good for cattle farming?
open spaces for grazing sheep and highland cattle
152
Why is the Lake District not used for arable farming?
thin soils
limited fertility
short growing season
heavy rain
gradients
153
Why might there be conflict between farming and tourism in upland areas?
leaving access gates open
dogs worrying sheep
littering
trespassing
154
What causes conflict between quarrying and conservation?
damage natural environment
destroy habitats
lorries - air pollution
155
What causes conflict between tourism and conservation?
pollution
littering
footpath erosion
156
Why might there be conflict between development and conservation surrounding energy?
impact of wind farm on tourism as visual pollutant
- reliance on industry
157
Why is the Lake District an ideal location for wind farms?
land prices low
sparse population
strong winds
158
Why might there be conflict between development and conservation surrounding reservoirs?
destroy habitats
impact river flow
159
Why is the Lake District an ideal location for reservoirs?
high rainfall
deep valleys
sparse population
160
What advantages could reservoirs bring?
tourism - sailing, fishing
reduce flood risk
161
Why might there be conflict between development and conservation?
block light
limits vegetation
reduces biodiversity
devoid of wildlife
162
What is a honeypot site?
area that many tourists are attracted to
163
What makes Lake Windermere a honeypot site?
jetty museum
water sports
steam railway
wray castle
164
Where is the World of Beatrix Potter located?
Windermere
165
Who does the World of Beatrix Potter attract?
families
older generations who grew up reading her books
166
Where is Alpacaly Ever After located?
Keswick
167
Who does Alpacaly Ever After attract?
walkers
animal lovers
168
Where is Bowness-on-Windermere located?
Windermere
169
Who does Bowness-on-Windermere attract?
water sports enjoyers
170
Where is Windermere Jetty museum located?
Windermere
171
Who does Windermere jetty museum attract?
rainy day - families
interested in boats
172
Where is the steam railway located?
Windermere
173
Who does the steam railway attract?
rainy day - families
steam railway enthusiasts
174
Name an environmental impact of tourism
carbon emissions
175
How can carbon emissions be reduced?
renewable energy
planting trees
local produce
176
Name an environmental/social/economic impact of tourism
traffic congestion
177
How can traffic congestion be reduced?
public transport
tolls
bike accessibility
signs - not for caravans
178
Name a socioeconomic impact of tourism
increased house prices due to holiday homes
179
How can house prices be manaegd?
encourage off season tourists
180
How many properties does Airbnb have in the Lake District?
6600 properties
181
Name an environmental impact of tourism
footpath erosion
182
How can footpath erosion be managed?
more routes
fences
signs
183
What is supraglacial material?
carried above glacier
