Chap. 10, 11 and 12 Flashcards
(29 cards)
what are the two approaches to animal research
- the utilitarian view: where the end justifies the means
2. the Deontological view: where animals are afforded the same rights as humans
what is the procedure at monash pertaning to animals in research
all studiesmust get approval from their local deprartment or the school animal ethics committee (AEC)
what did descartes say about animals in research
he stated in the mid 1600s that animals who automatically react to stimulai and do not feel pain were distinct from human who are capable of complex functions including thought.
what did Judeo-christan, islamic, and buddist traditions say about animals? (1700s)
JC - humans have more rights than animals
I - holds that mad has dominion over animals but mans responsibilty to animals is alwasy acknoweledged
B - makes little distinction between humans and animals and forbids the killing and eating of animals.
what occured in the 1800s in terms of animals treatment
movements such as the RSPCA were establish and brought about the likes of william wilberforce.
what is the link between animal rights and antislavery
some people justify slavery on the grounds that those enslaved are not human but of a lesser species. this view presisted until quite recently
what occured in the 1900s in terms of animals treatment
a rise in medical and other biological research occured and a large rise in animals in research also occured.
What is the procedure used in animal experimentation in terms of most and least concern
- blood samples: no pain, least concern
- sacrificed for no analysis: no pain/injury
- sacrificed at end for analysis: some pain and illness
- death as a result of experimentation or treatment: severe pain, most concern
What are the three Rs in relation to animal use in reserarch
Replacement: refers to the changing of the design in order to not use animals.
Reduction: the use of fewer animals
Refinement: is making sure animals are taken care for and that their five freedoms are met.
What are the five freedoms as apart of the refinement stage of the 3Rs in animal use in research
Freedom from:
- Hunger and thirst
- discomfort
- From pain, injury or disease
- Express normal behvaiour
- Fear and distress
What are the animals for which ethical procedures apply to
All live non-human vertebrates:
- mammals, birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles
- domestic animals
- livestock
- wildlife
- And crustaceans
What was Harlows experiment
It studied the role of maternal bonding which plays on young primates. Baby and mother monkeys were separated at birth initially to prevent infection. He found that babies developed a lot of behavioural issues and did not parent their babies well.
What was the Nuremberg code and the deceleration of Helsinki
At the end of 1945 (end of WW2) the winning side conducted trials of nazi Germany leaders. Held in the town of Nuremberg, one of the trial were of doctors involved in medical treatment and experimentation.
How did the Milgram experiment come about
In 1963 Milgram divided the experiment which tested whether people would follow orders despite knowing morally what they were doing was wrong after hearing that many nazis defended their actions this way.
What was the milgram experiment
So called ‘teachers’ (test subjects) were recruited by Milgram and asked to ask a question and administer an electric shocks to a ‘learner’ every time they got the answer wrong, every time the shocks would go up. The teachers were told they were exploring effects of punishment on learning behvaiour.
The learner was actually an actor, of this they were not aware.
There was an authority there in a white coat who would coax on the teacher if they wanted to stop or questioned the level of shock administered.
what were the findings of the milgram experiment
60% of teachers administered a lethal does of electric shock (450). and no subjects stopped before reaching a voltage of 300.
What was zimbardos prison experiment.
Occurred in 1973 it studied how good people behaved in bad situations. Volunteers were assigned the role of either prisoners or guards.
The design involved humiliating prisoners in various ways (strip searches). The guards did anything they deemed necessary to keep prisoners in order.
However the study stopped halfway through due to the psychological damage to prisoners.
What are the criticisms of the milgram and zimbardo experiments
- the subjects were not informed about the experiment, the researchers competence and that researchers ran experiments in a way that harmed participants.
What were the criticisms of zimbardos experiment
There were no controls, Zimbardo was not a neutral observer and called himself the ‘warden’ and it does not enlighten us about behvaiour because the volunteers were ‘role-playing’
How are drug trials performed
The general process of drug trials involves years of pre-clinical testing with animals followed by volunteered human clinical trials.
What did the drug company Pfizer do
- a Nigerian company
- they failed to properly inform their participants of the risks of the trial
- claimed that up to 50 of the 200 children treated died and others suffered severe side effects.
What is informed consent
For human participation in research partisans must have the aims, procedures, funding, arrangements and expected risks and benefits explained to them but have also understood those explanations and have not been under any pressure to accept. This must be provided in written form and even given to prisoners, though in this case this is not usually accepted due to the possible pressure to accept.
Where do scientists work
Law, public policy, actuarial work, blogger/podcaster and the armed forces
What is employability defined as
The achievements, knowledge and personal attributes which make individuals more likely to gain employment in a specific occupation. What are 4 basic factors of employability:
- ability to identify suitable jobs
- knoweledge and ability relating to specific job
- self-presentation
- external factors (job market, personal circumstances)
