Week 1 - Chap. 3 Flashcards
(13 cards)
What is the aim of science
To achieve understanding of the real world by testing previously held beliefs of the world in order to reveal what is true.
What is a fact, model, and law?
Fact: something observed that is true.
Model: a framework that is based on existing observations which needs to tested further
Law: a theory that is far reaching and fundamental.
What is peter dohertys model of the scientific method?
What are the important aspects of his mode1?
- Hypothesise
- Experiment
- Publish
- Discuss
The science must be refuteable, publish and discussed in order to declare legitimate.
What is Karl poppers view of the scientific method
He argued that the correct way to implement science was the hypothetical deduction method, aka. Hypothesis, deduce what to expect, test, compare w expected outcome
What is Thomas kuhns view of the scientific method?
Focused more on what scientists did not what they should do. Found most scientists start w data, and then hypothesis and follow the order of Karl poppers method.
what are the three central components of scientific thinking
- empiricism: the use of evidence. this can be observed or measured and is repeatable.
- scepticism: aka. never believing anything until yoy see data. it is the act of questioning and requiring proof.
- rationalism: logical reasoning.
what is Ockhams razror
developed in 1285-1349 by william of ockham.
it is the theory that the simpilest answer is most likely to be the correct.
what is inductive reasoning
reasoning based on the observations of the world and is used to form universal laws.
- particular to general
this is the oppositve of deductive and works back from a conclusion to the explanation. aka. collecting data (conclusino) and then coming up with an explanation for the observations.
what is deductive reasoning
formed by aristotle in 384-322 BCE. he stated that any argument can be reduced to two premises and a conclusion. it is based on the universal laws and is used to explain individual observations.
- general to particular
i.e. if A and B then C. you deduce a conclusion from a premise.
what does a decutive armugment need to be valid
all parts, A, B and C must be present.
what is the logic demonstrated by Popper
argued that the correct way to implement science was the hypothetic-deduction method. so tyou start with a hypothesis, work out what to expect and then perform tests and compare results. (deductive) this was what scientisist were believed to have done
what did Khun say?
found that most science wasnt typically like this as scietisc mostly start with some data from which they form a hypotheiss (inductive). what scientisits actually did.
what is falsificaition, whose beleif is it based on
popper believed scientisits should try to disprove their theories rather than prove them. this is known as falsification. rather than meaning the results are false it states that a negitive result is possible.
