chap 11: motivation Flashcards
(56 cards)
motivation
internal state or condition that directs behaviour
goal-directed, varies in strength
drive reduction theory
physio needs created by aroused state inc motivation to REDUCE need
bodies need to maintain homeostasis
incentive theory
instrinsic motivation: motivated by internal factors, satisfaction
extrinsic motivation: motivated by ext factors aka incentives
intrinsic motivation inc duration of motivation
instinct theory
ppl are motivated by bio instincts activated by environ stimuli
instinct: born behaviours and tendencies
primary vs secondary incentives
primary incentive: innate rewards and punishments
secondary incentives: viewed as rewarding bcs associated w primary incentive i.e. gambling and money
dopamine pathway
ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens (for pleasure, and prefrontal cortex
if regions associated w dopamine are activated, inc likelihood of repeating behaviour
maslow’s heirarchy of need
if a need isn’t met, no motivation to meet others
i.e. want self-actualization, can’t get there if no safety. motivates PROGRESSION through stages
why do we get thirsty
action potential needs intra/extracellular fluids for neurons — water needed
motivated by loss of volume i.e. sweat, vomit
cues to eat
low blood glucose, empty stomach
stimulates lateral hypothalamus for motivation
- inhibits siganls from ventromedial region of hypothalamus (satiety)
dual centre theory of motivation
activity in one area of brain inhibits area of opposite function
i.e. VMH is active (sated), therefore inhibits LH (hunger)
prader-willi syndrome
neverending hunger, result of abnormality on chromosome 15, related to hypothalamus dysfunction
cues to stop eating
stretch receptors activated, blood-glucose reaches certain lvl
ventromedial hypothalamus active, LH inactive
leptin
protein produced by fat cells to regulate amount eaten over time
if high leptin, stop eating
obese ppl may have fewer leptin receptors, don’t get signal early enough
body weight set point
weight individs return to after dieting or overeating, stabilized weight
fluctuations caused by learning, social facotrs i.e. company dinner
obesity
overweight w BMI over 30, 26.8% 18+ canadians
culture of beauty and restricted eating
restricting diet slows metabolism and leads to weight gain
genetic impact on obesity
- higher number fat cells must be filled, triggers hunger
- reduced metabolic rate
- insulin resistance interferes w fat burning and inc hunger, inc more fat cells
- abnormal genes i.e. leptin
- dec diversity in gut biome
anorexia nervosa and treatment
distorted image of being overweight, dangerous weight loss
- 90% girls
- weight less than 85% normal
- can also be binge-purge
treatment:
- CBT, develop healthy body image
- family therapy
bulimia nervosa and treatment
binge-purge
- associated w OCD and self-harming behaviour
- medical, dental problems
- don’t appear overweight, 1/100 women
treatment:
- family therapy
- CBT
- antidepressants, bcs linked to anxiety and depression
binge-eating disorder and treatment
out of control eating, inability to stop, psych distress
treatment
- antidepressants
- weight loss NOT treatment
gender diffs in sexuality
to inc reproduction and offspring survival
women:
- strong mate to provide and protect
- narrow hips, tall, muscles
- preferences change w menstrual cycle i.e. muscles more attractive w ovulation
men:
- inc reproductive success
- wide hips, diff waist:hip
polygamy
men have many wives
polyandry
women have many sexual partners
phases of sexual arousal/behaviour
excitement:
- activation hypothalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, triatum, ventral tegmental area
- can last many hours, inc HR
plateau:
- breathing and bpm inc
- muscles tense
orgasm:
- peak muscle tension and blood pressure, followed by contractions
- cerebellum and ventral tegmental area active
resolution
- muscles relax and hr dec
- men have refractory period and can’t ejaculate
