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PS102 > chap 5: sensation and perception > Flashcards

chap 5: sensation and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation vs perception

A

sensation: act of using sensory system to detect environ system

perception: conscious recognition and identification of sensory system

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2
Q

sensory receptor nerves

A

specialized cells of all sensory systems that convert stimulus to neural impulses

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3
Q

sensory transduction

A

process of turning sensory stimuli to neural impulses

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4
Q

thresholds

A

point of intensity that stimulus must meet to initiate an impulse

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5
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimal stimulus needed to be detected 50% of the time, bcs weak stimulus isn’t always noticed

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6
Q

just noticeable difference

A

minimal diff b/w 2 stimuli to notice difference i.e. 2 to 4 on volume

weber’s law: JND is proportional to initial size of stimulus and not fixed across stimulus

i.e. if already loud music, need greater volume than if quiet to notice diff

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7
Q

signal detection theory

A

response to signal depends on ability to differentiate signal and noise, as well as response criteria

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8
Q

thresholds and sensitivity

A

ppl don’t have fixed sensitivity, more likely to notice difference if experienced, and has consequences

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9
Q

sensory adaptation

A

repeated stimulation of sensory cell leads to dec response

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10
Q

olfactory adaptation

A

odour not distinguished bcs prolongued exposure

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11
Q

bottom-up processing

A

environ stimuli is transduced to impulse, goes to more complex part of brain

i.e. to recognize face, light hits, goes to impulse, goes to visual pathway

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12
Q

top-down processing

A

led by cog processes like memory or expectations

i.e. allow recognition of friend’s face, expect to see them, etc.

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13
Q

perceptual set

A

readiness to interpret stimulus in certain way i.e. taste apple when bite onion

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14
Q

olfactory receptor neurons

A

cells that convert chem signals from odourants to impulse to brain

located in cilia, mucus

only certain odours attach to receptors and must reach absolute threshold

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15
Q

papillae

A

bumps on tongue w clusters of tastebuds (sensory receptor cells)

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16
Q

taste receptors

A

aka tastebuds

detect sour, salty, sweet, bitter, umami

spice is result of caspaicin, not a taste

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17
Q

path of smelling

A

signals from receptors, olfactory nerve, olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex and piriform cortex

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18
Q

olfactory bulb

A

first region where smell reaches brain, below frontal lobe

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19
Q

piriform cortex

A

recognizes odours, is changeable in adulthood and can identify smells w experience

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20
Q

taste pathway

A

info sent to thalamus and cerebral cortex, working w reward circuit to inc pleasurable taste

info goes to insula for disgust

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21
Q

development of taste and smell

A

both well-devleoped at birth, recognize and prefer mother and associated smells (prfume)

kids have more tastebuds, like sweet when babies, like sour at 7, like bitter in adulthood

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22
Q

ageusia

A

inability to taste

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23
Q

dysgeusia

A

phantom smells

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24
Q

hyposmia

A

reduced ability to smell, still have some

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25
anosmia
inability to smell at all
26
reflex epilepsy
odour leads to seizure
27
cutaneous receptors
free nerve endings, ruffini's end organs, paciman corpuscles, meissner's corpusles
28
ruffini's end organs
respond to heavy pressure and joint mvmnt located deep in skin
29
meissner's corpuscle
receptors to phys stimulus on lips, palms, fingertips make to impulses
30
free nerve endings
receptors that make touch, pressure, pain into neural impulses
31
paciman's corpuscles
located deep in skin respond to vibration and heavy pressure
32
brain and touch path
free nerve endings, spinal cord, thalamus, somatosensory cortex
33
how is touch processed
contralaterally: info processed on opp side as receieved
34
slow pathway
unmyelinated, for mild burning pan
35
fast pathway
myelinated axons for immediate pain, fast signals
36
devleloping touch
important to learning and devleopment touch enacted by you less noticeable, more noticeable if other senses involved i.e. blindfolded
37
gate control theory of pain
neural activity can close gate, preventing pain from travelling to brain i.e. rubbing shin to dec pain
38
familial dysautonomia
inability to feel pain due to genetic factors
39
what causes phantom limb
somatosensory cortex still active despite amputation
40
frequency
number of cycles of soundwaves, hertz determines pitch of sound high/low
41
amplitude
height of wavelength, decibel determines loudness of sound
42
cochlea
inner ear, where transduction of hearing occurs and vestibular system is has fluid called endolymph that moves bcs of soundwaves
43
basilar membrane
where fluid in cochlea moves, has hair cells attached that conduct electrical signal
44
frequency theroy
diff sounds are converted into diff rates of action potential, and high freq sounds have more rapid firing
45
place theory
diffs in sound freq activates diff regions of basilar membrane brain equates location of activity w specific freq in membrane
46
tympanic membrane
ear drum
47
ossicles
bones in ear hammer, anvil, stirrup maleus, incus, stapes
48
path of sound
cochlea, brainstem, thalamus, auditory cortex processed as tonotopic map
49
development of hearing
occurs before born, can recognize mother's voice best and music heard prenatally
50
conduction hearing impairment
damaged eardrum prevents soundwaves from being carried properly damage to ossicles can't conduct sound from eardrum to cochlea
51
nerve hearing impairment
damage in inner ear or auditory pathway
52
cochlear implants
surgically implanted to allow transuction in inner ear (signals) has critical period before surgery less effective
53
cornea
transparent protective layer over eye that light passes through
54
pupil
small opening in eyes
55
lens
inner part of pupil w retina
56
retina
contains all receptor cells of eye, transduces light
57
cones vs rods
more rods than cones cones for central vision and colour rods for night vision and peripheral
58
fovea
centre of retina with only cones
59
optic nerve
ganglion cells that carry visual info to brain
60
trichromatic theory
can make all colours by mixing primary, bcs cones have 3 sensors for colour
61
opposite process theory
colour pairs inhibit e/o when stare at a colour for a long time, receptors fatigue and appear in other colour
62
development of vision
newborn sight improves at 2 months, and is fully developed at 8 months
63
strabismus
eyes not aligned and don't work together, sending diff images to brain can lose function in one eye
64
ambylopia
lazy eye loss of sight in weak eye, caused by abnormal development of visual cortex
65
detached retina
separates from eye, needs surgery to prevent blindness causes floaters and blurriness
66
cortical blindness
result of brain damage can have blind sight, unaware of actions but avoid obstacles
67
where pathway
determine location of thing hemi-neglect: ignore one side of visual field i.e. only eat right side of plate
68
what pathway
determines what a thing is visual agnosia: damaged pathway, unable to recognize objects
69
binocular cues
convergence-neuromuscular cues: as object comes closer, eyes move to centre retinal disparity: brain sees diff perspectives of object
70
monocular cues
eleveation: seems further if on higher plane texture gradient: more texture when close up linear perspective: parallel lines appear to converge relative size: if objects known to be same size look diff, bigger is closer muller-lyer illusion: vertical lines appear longer than horizontal
71
vestibular system
located in semicircular canals, where fluid mvmnt says upright or not
72
kinesthesis
knowing body part location and position bcs of receptors in muscles
73
prospagnosia
face blindness, genetic or from trauma
74
gestalt top-down processing
proximity, if close tgt are grouped closure, see finished unit i.e. full chair figure ground, see background and object similarity, similar objects are grouped

PS102 (9 decks)

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