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PS102 > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

developmental psychology

A

the study of behaviour and mental processes across the lifespan

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2
Q

longitudinal research

A

studying the same people over long periods of time

pros: see impact of early experiences over time, examine personality stability

cons: expensive, high drop-out, time-consuming, cohort effect influences results

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3
Q

cohort-sequential design

A

examines different ages over long period of time, combines longitudinal and cross-section research

pros: beat cohort effect, since it’s separated over ages

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4
Q

maturation

A

the idea that genes determine development in a certain time frame i.e. sexual maturation by 18yo

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5
Q

cross-section research

A

study people at diff ages at same point in time

pros: time saving

cons: 3rd factor ignored that influences perception

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6
Q

cohort effect

A

people are influenced by significant cultural impacts of upbringing

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7
Q

epigenetic

A

change in gene expression independent of DNA sequence

events that alter genes can be passed on to future generations

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8
Q

quantitative research

A

gradual increases in development i.e. height, weight

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9
Q

qualitative research

A

development in stages that are qualitatively different i.e. behaviour

suggests all people move onto next stage when reach correct age

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10
Q

critical periods

A

time in development where stimuli is needed for brain functioning

individual is sensitive to environment

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11
Q

codominance

A

dominant and recessive traits both expressed

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12
Q

polygenic trait

A

traits that are expressed as a result of multiple genes i.e. skin colour

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13
Q

discrete trait

A

trait from one gene pairing i.e. 2 alleles

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14
Q

stages of prenatal development

A

germinal stage
embryonic stage
fetal stage

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15
Q

fetal stage

A

9-40 wks

organs still underdeveloped and cannot survive on own, rapid brain growth

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16
Q

germinal stage

A

ovulation to implantation 0-2 wks

egg goes to fallopian tube, is fertilized into zygote

zygote goes to uterus and is called blastocyte

formation of placenta occurs

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17
Q

embryonic stage

A

2-8 wks

organs start developing, extremely vulnerable to environment

spontaneous abortion/miscarriage may occur

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18
Q

teratogen

A

substance that can damage during prenatal stage i.e. alcohol

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19
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

results in facial and brain abnormality, slow growth

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20
Q

partial FAS

A

fewer symptoms, related to paternal alcohol consumption

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21
Q

ARND

A

alcohol related neurological disorder
no physical abnormalities, but intellectual challenges

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22
Q

synaptic pruning

A

synapses are lost as child grows due unnecessary connections

allows stronger connections to be formed

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23
Q

synpase

A

connection between two neurons

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24
Q

senses in infants

A

strong sense of taste and smell
poor hearing due to amniotic fluid
poor vision

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25
moro reflex
slap blanket w baby on it, will reach out to grasp mother
26
babinski reflex
stroke bottom of foot, spreads toes shows integrated nervous system
27
accommodation
altering schemas to include new info, a way of acquiring knowledge
28
schema
category to understand the world
29
assimilation
grouping new info into existing schema to try to understand it
30
piaget's stages
sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operations
31
formal operations
12+, though not all reach this stage and may stay at concrete operational able to use hypothetico-deductive reasoning and abstract reasoning
32
preoperational
2nd stage, 2-7 egocentric, unable to see from others perspectives only see one-way relationships DONT understand law of conservation
33
sensorimotor
birth-2 develop object permanence, egocentric
34
concrete operational
3rd stage, 7-12 understand law of conservation operations: can mentally manipulate objects don't understand abstract
35
info processing theory
how children learn and use information
36
violation of expectation
see if infants can understand subtraction by showing impossible situation
37
adolescent egocentrism
greater than children or adults
38
personal fable
believe no one experiences what they do, and their own morals don't apply to them
39
imaginary audience
feel that others are watching them when they aren't
40
lev vygotsky
scaffolding: adult makes adjustment to help child, but doesn't spoonfeed zone of proximal development: gap between what child can do by self and with help of adult
41
temperament
basic personality ingrained in genes
42
unique temperament
35% a mixture of all 3 temperaments
43
easy temperament
40% follows routine, easy to calm, cheerful and open to change
44
difficult temperament
10% don't respond well to change, irritable
45
slow-to-warm-up
15% less responsive than others, withdraw to change
46
attachment
creation of emotional connection, typically to caregivers
47
anxious/ambivalent
upset when mother leaves and is conflicted between wanting closeness and pushing away 10%
48
disorganized/disoriented
have characteristics from other styles that are contradictory 15%
49
secure attachment
mother is secure base for child to come back to, upset but easily calmed when mom returns 60%
50
anxious/avoidant
child is indifferent when mother leaves and returns 15%
51
2 factors parenting style
demandingness: setting rules, discipline, monitoring responsiveness: support, meet child's needs
52
authoritarian
high demand low response results in kid w low esteem, anxiety, aggressiom
53
permissive
low demand high response impulsive child, low integrity, overdependence
54
uninvolved
low response and demand anxious, antisocial, socially awkward child
55
authoritative
high demand high response high self-esteem, self-control, communication
56
reciprocal socialization
two-way relationship b/w primary caregiver and child
57
secondary sex characteristics
non-reproductive events i.e. breast development
58
brain development adolescence
prefrontal cortex develops for decision making myelination continues for fast connections
59
primary sex characteristics
reproductive system and organs
60
kohlberg moral development
preconventional: morals on what can get away with conventional: morals focused on fitting into society and avoiding disapproval postconventional: understand universal laws, and abstract ethics
61
erikson stages
8 stages of development, says if fail to meet one will be stuck or struggle in others
62
8 stages erikson definitions
trust vs mistrust: get needs from parent autonomy vs shame: explore motor skills w encouragement initiative vs guilt: initiate tasks on own w empowerment industry vs inferiority: compare self to others identity vs role confusion: find societal role, adolescents intimacy vs isolation: make meaningful relationships generativity vs self-absorption: find way to benefit future generations integrity vs despair: feel satisfied with life
63
phys development in adults
menopause: loss of menstruation hair loss, skin loosening, vision and hearing loss, memory loss, difficulty learning
64
free radical theory
free radicals (negative oxygen molecules) go into body and destabilize cells
65
wear and tear theory
body degrades with use
66
cellular clock theory
aging built into cells, which stop reproducing at a certain point

PS102 (9 decks)

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