Chap 2

Question 1

90% of our bodies are composed of

Answer 1

H,O,C,N

Question 2

Ionic Bonds

Answer 2

electrons are gained or lost

Question 3

Cation

Answer 3

loses electron, POSITVE

Question 4

Anion

Answer 4

gains electron, NEGATIVE

Question 5

Unstable Free Radicals

Answer 5

can disrupt nearby molecules leading to loss of function and perhaps cellular damage

Question 6

Molecules

Answer 6

2 or more atoms bonded together

Question 7

Solution

Answer 7

Mixture of both solutes and solvents

Question 8

Normal pH of blood

Answer 8

7.4

Question 9

Metabolism

Answer 9

chemical/ energy transformations in the body

-coverts food/ beverages into energy

Question 10

Catabolism

Answer 10

chemical breakdown of substances into smaller ones, usually to form unstable energy

Question 11

Anabolism

Answer 11

synthesis of more complex substances, uses energy

Question 12

Carbohydrates

Answer 12

• contain C, O, H is fixed proportion
• commonly found in body as hexoses and pentoses
• found in monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 13

Monosaccharides

Answer 13

Simple Sugars

Question 14

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 14

loss of water __ + ___ –> ___ + H2O

Question 15

Hydrolysis

Answer 15

gain of water

- __ + H2O –> __ + __

Question 16

Lipids

Answer 16

Divided into 3 general classes : Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids

Question 17

Triglycerides

Answer 17

• fat storage,
• composed of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chains
• insulate, cushion and protect vital organs

Question 18

Phospholipids

Answer 18

has polar and non-polar ends, polar head non-polar tails

Question 19

Steroids

Answer 19

composed of linked hydrocarbon rings, most important: cholesterol (produced by SER)(important part of cell membranes)

Question 20

Endergonic Reaction

Answer 20

Energy gained

Photosynthesis

Question 21

Exergonic Reaction

Answer 21

Energy lost

Cellular Respiration

Question 22

Polar

Answer 22

+/- poles

- highly soluble in water

Question 23

Nonpolar

Answer 23

insoluble in water

Question 24

Water is polar or nonpolar?

Answer 24

Polar

Question 25

Water!

Answer 25

- Solvent - Lubricant - Cohesion - High Heat Capacity - Heat vaporization is high - Required for Catabolism

Question 26

Catabolism

Answer 26

can chemically break down molecules (nutreints)

Question 27

Substance from food that is used by the body for its life functions ex. growth, movement, respiration

Answer 27

Nutrient

Question 28

Nutrients provide ...

Answer 28

energy

Question 29

Classes of nutrients

Answer 29

``` MAJOR -Carbs -proteins NOT SO MAJOR -Lipids -Vitamins -Minerals -Water ```

Question 30

Plants

Answer 30

Starch, sucrose, cellulose

Question 31

Animals

Answer 31

Glycogen, lactose

Question 32

Carbs must be broken down into ____ to be absorbed

Answer 32

monosaccharides

Question 33

Reduced Carb intake =

Answer 33

- increased protein and fat metabolism, | - loss of protein mass

Question 34

Excess Carb leads to

Answer 34

obesity and elevated blood lipid lvl

Question 35

Saturated

Answer 35

- no double bonds - animal sources - solid at room temp

Question 36

Unsaturated

Answer 36

- double bond - plant sources - liquid at room temp

Question 37

Polyunsaturated

Answer 37

-muliple double bond

Question 38

Glycerol

Answer 38

molecule consisted of 3 carbon atoms

Question 39

Fatty Acids

Answer 39

- long carbon chains with bound H atom | - carboxylic tail which gives chain its acid properties

Question 40

Alpha helices is an example of ?

Answer 40

Secondary structure

Question 41

What holds 2 strands of a DNA molecule together?

Answer 41

hydrogen bonding btwn opposing nitogeneuos bases

Question 42

Manganese is a ____ element of the human body

Answer 42

trace

Question 43

Primary structure

Answer 43

sequence of amino acids boned together in a linear chain

Question 44

Secondary Structure

Answer 44

Results from bonds btwn atoms at differnent parts of polypeptide chain

Question 45

Tertiary Structure

Answer 45

primarily from interactions btwn the polypeptide chain and the surrounding water molecules

Question 46

Quaternary Structure

Answer 46

interaction btwn individual polypeptide chain to form a protein complex

Question 47

Enzymes

Answer 47

promote chemical reactions by lowering activation energy requirements

Question 48

Are enzymes catalysts?

Answer 48

YES

Question 49

Nucliec Acids

Answer 49

storage ans transfer info | -composed of C, H, O, N, P

Question 50

Formation of ATP begins with

Answer 50

adenosine